Herbal Medicine Reference

Synonyms: Nauclea gambir W. Hunter, Ourouparia gambir (W. Hunter) Baill.

Actions: Algicide (1; HH3; PH2); Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiplaque (1; HH3); Antispasmodic (f; CRC; WOI); Astringent (1; CRC; GMH; IHB; PH2); Hepatoprotective (1; HH3; PH2); Masticatory (f; EFS).

Indications: Asthma (f; HH3); Bacteria (1; PH2); Bleeding (1; GMH); Burn (f; CRC; IHB); Cramp (f; CRC; WOI); Dandruff (f; CRC); Diarrhea (1; CRC; IHB; PH2); Dysentery (f; CRC; IHB); Enterosis (f; LMP; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gingivosis (f; GMH); Gonorrhea (f; GMH); Leukorrhea (f; GMH); Lumbago (f; CRC; IHB); Metrorrhagia (f; GMH); Mucososis (f; GMH); Nausea (f; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; GMH); Sciatica (f; CRC; IHB); Sore (f; PH2); Sore Throat (1; IHB; LMP); Stomachache (f; CRC; HH3); Stomatosis (f; PH2); Ulcer (f; PH2); Uvulosis (f; GMH); VD (f; GMH); Wound (f; LMP).

Dosage: Class 1 (AHP).“Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP).“Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

Synonyms:

Actions: Antibacterial (1; CRC; HHB); Antiseptic (f; PH2); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emetic (f; CRC); Laxative (1; CRC; PH2); Poison (f; CRC); Protisticide (1; CRC; HHB); Sternutator (1; PH2); Vermifuge (f; CRC).

Indications: Bacteria (1; CRC; HHB); Cancer (f; JLH); Constipation (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; PHR; PH2); Infection (1; PH2); Protozoa (1; CRC; HHB); Virus (1; HHB); Water Retention (f; CRC); Worm (f; CRC).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). As little as 200 mg resin can induce colic and nausea (PHR). Fatalities with 4 g (PHR; PH2). Extracts bactericidal and protisticidal against, for example, Aerobacter, Enterovirus, Micrococcus, and Mycobacteria (PH2).

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). As little as 200 mg resin can induce colic and nausea (PHR). Fatalities with 4 g (PHR; PH2). Extracts bactericidal and protisticidal against, for example, Aerobacter, Enterovirus, Micrococcus, and Mycobacteria (PH2).

Synonyms:

Actions: Abortifacient (f; DEP; PH2); Antibacterial (1; PHR; PH2); Antidote (f; DEP); Antiencephalic (1; PHR; PH2); Antiscorbutic (1; HHB); Antiviral (1; PHR; PH2); Aperitif (f; EFS); Aphrodisiac (f; DEP; WOI); Depurative (f; DEP; EFS; HHB); Diuretic (f; DEP; PHR; PH2; WOI); Emmenagogue (f; WOI); Enteroprotective (f; DEP); Gastroprotective (f; DEP); Immunostimulant (f; PHR; PH2); Lactagogue (f; DEP; WOI); Laxative (f; WOI); Piscicide (f; HHB); Stimulant (f; DEP; WOI); Stomachic (f; DEP).

Indications: Anorexia (f; EFS); Asthma (f; DEP; PH2; WOI); Bacteria (1; PHR; PH2); Bleeding (f; WOI); Cancer (f; FNF; HHB; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; FNF; HHB; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; FNF; HHB; JLH); Cancer, face (f; FNF; HHB; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; FNF; HHB; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; FNF; HHB; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; FNF; HHB; JLH); Catarrh (f; DEP); Constipation (f; PHR; PH2; WOI); Cough (1; DEP; PHR; PH2; WOI); Cystosis (f; JLH); Dermatosis (f; DEP); Diarrhea (f; DEP); Dysentery (f; DEP); Dysuria (f; PHR); Encephalosis (1; PHR; PH2); Felon (f; JLH); Fever (f; DEP); Gonorrhea (f; HHB); Hemorrhoid (f; DEP; PH2); Hepatosis (f; WOI); Hiccup (f; DEP); Immunodepression (f; PHR; PH2); Infection (1 PH2); Inflammation (f; DEP); Mastosis (f; JLH); Polyp (f; JLH); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; DEP; JLH); Sprain (f; WOI); Swelling (f; DEP); Syphilis (f; DEP); Tenesmus (f; DEP); Uterosis (f; JLH); VD (f; DEP); Virus (1; PHR; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; DEP; PHR; PH2; WOI).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Large doses can irritate GI mucous membranes (PHR). Mustard oil can cause blisters and necrosis (PH2). Seed extracts are possibly teratological (ZUL). I decided against accepting the Herbal PDR (PH2) report of 37% ascorbic acid, although I have seen reports almost that high for other better known sources of vitamin C.

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Large doses can irritate GI mucous membranes (PHR). Mustard oil can cause blisters and necrosis (PH2). Seed extracts are possibly teratological (ZUL). I decided against accepting the Herbal PDR (PH2) report of 37% ascorbic acid, although I have seen reports almost that high for other better known sources of vitamin C.

Synonyms: G. augusta Merr., G. florida L., G. radicans Thunb., Warneria augusta L.

Actions: Abortifacient (1; JE32:171); Anticancer, skin (1; X10628378); Anticholinergic (1; X7205548); Antigenotoxic (1; X1596867); Antiglioma (1; X1622148); Antihypoxic (1; LRN-Apr 93); Antiinflammatory (1; DAA; X1804189); Antimutagenic (1; EMP6:235); Antioxidant (1; X10628378); Antiperiodic (f; WOI); Antipyretic (f; DAA); Antiseptic (f; WOI); Antispasmodic (f; WOI); Antitumor (1; X10628378); Bradycardic (1; X848455); Choleretic (1; DAA; X7205548); Diuretic (f; LMP); Emetic (f; LMP); Emmenagogue (f; LMP); Emollient (f; LMP); Glutathionigenic (1; X9463529); Hemostat (f; DAA); Hypotensive (1; DAA; X848455); Laxative (f; WOI); Monooxygenase Inhibitor (1; X9463529); Stimulant (f; LMP); Tonic (f; LMP); Tranquilizer (1; FAY); Vermifuge (f; WOI); Vulnerary (f; LMP).

Indications: Abscess (f; LMP); Altitude Sickness (1; LRN-Apr93); Atherosclerosis (1; X1914006); Bacteria (1; FAY); Bite (f; DAA); Bleeding (1; DAA; FAY); Blennorrhea (f; LMP); Boil (f; LMP); Bruise (1; FAY; LMP); Burn (f; DAA); Cancer (1; DAA; EMP6:235; X10628378); Cancer, skin (1; X10628378); Canker (f; DAA); Conjunctivosis (f; LMP); Constipation (f; WOI); Cramp (f; WOI); Diverticulosis (f; LMP); Dropsy (f; DAA); Dysentery (f; DAA; LMP); Dysuria (f; DAA); Enterosis (f; FAY; LMP); Epistaxis (f; DAA); Fever (f; DAA); Flu (f; DAA); Fungus (1; FAY); Gastrosis (f; FAY; LMP); Glioma (1; X1622148); Gonorrhea (f; DAA); Headache (f; LMP); Hematemesis (f; DAA); Hematuria (f; DAA); Hepatosis (1; DAA; FAY); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; FAY; X848455); Infection (1; FAY); Inflammation (1; DAA; X1804189); Insomnia (f; FAY); Jaundice (1; DAA; FAY; LMP); Malaria (f; WOI); Mastosis (f; DAA; LMP); Mycosis (1; FAY); Myosis (f; LMP); Nephrosis (f; DAA; WOI); Nervousness (1; FAY); Neurosis (f; WOI); Ophthalmia (f; LMP); Pain (f; FAY; LMP); Pemphigus (f; DAA); Pulmonosis (f; DAA); Rheumatism (f; LMP); Snakebite (f; DAA); Sore (f; DAA; LMP); Splenosis (f; FAY); Stomatosis (f; DAA); Stye (f; DAA); Swelling (f; DAA; FAY); Thrombosis (1; X1914006); Tonsilosis (f; DAA); Tumor (1; X10628378); Vaginosis (f; LMP); VD (f; LMP); Water Retention (f; LMP); Worm (f; WOI); Wound (f; DAA).

Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PH2).

Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PH2).

Synonyms:

Actions: Anxiolytic (f; PH2); Cardiotonic (1; PH2); Digitalic (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS); Negative Chronotropic (1; HDN); Negative Dromotropic (1; HDN); Pediculicide (f; HDN); Positive Bathmotropic (1; HDN); Positive Inotropic (1; HDN).

Indications: Anxiety (f; PH2); Atherosclerosis (f; PH2); Cardiopathy (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); High Blood Pressure (f; PH2); Neurodystonia (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; EFS).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Side effects may include cardiac arrhythmia, headache, ophthalmia (disturbance of color vision), queasiness, stupor, and vomiting. May enhance effects and side effects with calcium salts, glucocorticoids, laxatives, quinidine, and saluretics (PH2). Powdered seeds LDlo 25 mg/kg ivn dog (HH2); gstrophanthidin LDlo 0.33–0.44 mg/kg ivn dog (HH2).

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Side effects may include cardiac arrhythmia, headache, ophthalmia (disturbance of color vision), queasiness, stupor, and vomiting. May enhance effects and side effects with calcium salts, glucocorticoids, laxatives, quinidine, and saluretics (PH2). Powdered seeds LDlo 25 mg/kg ivn dog (HH2); gstrophanthidin LDlo 0.33–0.44 mg/kg ivn dog (HH2).

Synonyms:

Actions: Acarifuge (1; LAW); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Alterative (f; PED); Amebicide (1; APA; X11101670); Analgesic (1; BGB; DAD); Androgenic (1; LAW); Antiaflatoxin (1; X1394115); Antiaggregant (3; APA; FNF; KOM; PH2; SHT; WHO); Antiallergic (1; AKT); Antiandrogenic (1; DAD); Antiatherosclerotic (2; LAW); Antiarthritic (1; LAW); Antiatherogenic (2; BGB; WHO); Antibacterial (2; AKT; FAD; KOM; SKY; WHO); Anticancer (1; LAW; SKY); Anticholinesterase (1; LAW); Antidiabetic (1; LAW; PNC); Antidote (f; WO2); Antifertility (1; LAW; WO2); Antigiardial (1; X11101670); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; BGB); Antiintegrase (1; LAW); Antioxidant (1; LAW; SHT; WO3); Antimycotic (2; BGB; LAW); Antioxidant (1; AKT; PH2); Antiprostaglandin (1; WHO); Antipyretic (1; WHO); Antirheumatic (1;LAW); Antiseptic (3; AKT; APA; PED; PH2; PNC; SKY); Antispasmodic (1; PED; WHO); Antistress (1; LAW); Antithrombic (1; FAY; PH2; PNC); Antithyroid (1; LAW); Antitumor (1; BGB; PNC); Antiulcer (1; X11238826); Antiviral (1; AKT; APA; LAW; SKY); Aphrodisiac (1; DAD; WHO); Cardiotonic (1; AKT; JFM); Carminative (1; PED; RIN; WHO); Choleretic (1; MAM); Decongestant (1; FAY); Detoxicant (f; AKT; FAY); Diaphoretic (f; JFM; PED; PNC); Digestive (1; AKT; PED); Diuretic (1; FAD; WHO); Edemagenic (1; WO3); Emmenagogue (1; JFM; WHO); Estrogenic (1; LAW); Expectorant (f; PED; PNC; WOI); Fibrinolytic (3; APA; LAW; KOM; PH2; SHT); Fungicide (2; FAD; LAW; KOM; MAM; SKY); Gastrotonic (f; KAB); Glutathionigenic (1; PH2); Hepatoprotective (1; BGB; CAN; JFM; LAW; WO3); Hyperglycemic (1; PNC); Hypocholesterolemic (2; AKT; DAD; FAD; PH2; SHT; WHO); Hypoglycemic (1; DAD; LAW; KAP; PED; PNC); Hypolipidemic (1; BGB; DAD; PED; PNC; WHO); Hypoperistaltic (2; WHO); Hypotensive (2; AKT; BGB; FAD; SHT; SKY; WHO); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; AKT); Hypouricemic (f; JFM); Immunostimulant (1; AKT; BGB; CAN; FAY; PED); Insectifuge (1; LAW); Insulin-Sparing (1; PNC); Interleukenogenic (1; WO3); Larvicide (1; WO2); Lipolytic (2; KOM; PH2; SHT; WHO); Lymphocytogenic (1; AKT); Myocontractant (1; CAN); Myorelaxant (1; CAN); Nervine (f; PED); NKC-Enhancer (1; AKT; PH2); NO-Genic (1; LAW); Orexigenic (f; KAB); Ovicide (1; WO3); Oxytocic (1; WO2); Parasiticide (1; AKT); Phagocytotic (1; AKT); Protisticide (1; LAW); Rubefacient (f; JFM); Sedative (1; WHO); Spermicide (1; LAW); Tick (1; LAW); Tonic (f; KAB); Vasodilator (1; SHT; WHO); Vermifuge (1; AKT; APA; LAW; WHO); Vulnerary (1; PED).

Indications: Abscess (1; DAA; PNC); Acne (f; FAD); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Aegilops (f; JLH); Aging (1; PH2); Allergy (1; AKT); Alopecia (1; WHO; WO2); Altitude Sickness (f; LAW); Ameba (1; APA; X11101670); Amebiasis (2; FAY; PNC); Anemia (f; DAD); Anorexia (f; FAY); Appendicitis (1; FAY; PNC); Aphtha (1; LAW); Arthrosis (1; FAD; LAW; PHR; PH2); Asthma (1; PNC; WHO); Atherosclerosis (3; AKT; APA; BGB; BIS; FAD; LAW; PHR; PH2; SHT; WHO); Athlete’s Foot (2; TGP); Bacillus (1; LAW); Bacteria (2; AKT; FAD; JFM; KOM; PH2; SKY; WHO); Bite (f; FAY; JFM); Boil (1; DAA); Bronchiectasis (1; LAW); Bronchosis (2; FAD; PHR; PH2; WHO); Burn (2; LAW); Callus (f; JFM; PH2); Cancer (2; AKT; BGB; FAD; LAW; PH2; PNC; SKY); Cancer, abdomen (1; AKT; FNF; JLH); Cancer, bladder (1; FNF; JLH; X11341051; X11238818); Cancer, colon (1; AKT; FNF; JLH; X11238811); Cancer, gland (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, lung (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, prostate (1; X11102955); Cancer, skin (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; AKT; X11238811); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Candida (2; CAN; LAW); Carbuncle (f; FAY); Cardiopathy (3; BGB; FAD; SKY); Caries (1; FNF; KAB); Catarrh (1; AKT; BGB); Celiac (1; LAW); Childbirth (f; JFM); Cholecystosis (f; APA); Cholera (1; PNC); Chronic Fatigue (f; JFM); Coccidiosis (1; LAW); Cold (2; AKT; FAD; PHR; PNC); Colic (1; WHO); Colitis (1; LAW); Colosis (1; LAW; LAW); Congestion (1; FAY); Constipation (f; JFM; PH2); Convulsion (f; PHR); Corn (f; JLH; PHR); Cough (2; APA; FAD; PHR); Cramp (1; PED; PH2; WHO); Cryptococcus (1; DAA); Cystosis (f; JFM); Cytomegalovirus (1; LAW); Deafness (f; LAW); Debility (f; PH2); Dementia (1; X11238823); Dermatosis (1; AKT; DAA; DAD; LAW; PNC); Diabetes (1; LAW; MAM; PH2; PNC); Diarrhea (1; AKT; PNC); Diphtheria (f; DAA; DAD); Dropsy (f; KAB); Dysentery (2; AKT; DAD; FAD; PNC); Dysmenorrhea (f; PHR; PH2); Dyspepsia (1; AKT; BIS; JFM; LAW; PNC; WHO); Dyspnea (1; FAD; FAY); Earache (1; FAD); Edema (f; JFM; PNC); Enterosis (2; AKT; APA; FAD; PH2; WHO); Epigastrosis (2; WHO); Epilepsy (f; AKT; FAY); Escherichia (1; LAW; WO2); Felon (f; JLH); Fever (2; FAD; JFM; PED; PHR; PH2; PNC; WHO); Fibroid (f; DAD; JLH); Filaria (1; LAW); Flu (1; AKT; APA; LAW; PNC); Fungus (2; AKT; FAD; JFM; LAW; KOM; MAM; SKY); Gangrene (f; KAP); Gas (1; DAD; JFM; PED; PH2; RIN; WHO); Gastroenterosis (2; BIS; DAD; FAD); Gastrosis (2; AKT; FAD; FAY; PH2; WHO); Giardia (1; LAW; X11101670); Gout (f; FAD; JFM); Headache (f; JFM);Helicobacter (1; AKT; X11238826); Hemorrhoid (f; JFM); Hepatosis (1; APA); Hepatotoxicity (acetaminophen) (2; MAM); Herpes (1; LAW); High Blood Pressure (2; AKT; BGB; FAD; PH2; SHT; WHO); High Cholesterol (3; AKT; APA; DAD; FAD; LAW; PH2; SHT; WHO); High Triglyceride (3; AKT; APA; LAW; SHT); HIV (1; LAW); Hookworm (1; AKT; LAW; WHO); Hyperglycemia (1; DAD; LAW; PED; PNC); Hyperlipidemia (3; SHT; WHO); Hyperperistalsis (2; WHO); Hypoglycemia (1; FAY; PNC); Hypotension (f; DAD); Hysteria (f; JFM); Immunodepression (1; AKT; BGB; CAN; FAY; PED); Immunosuppression (2; PHR; SKY); Impotence (1; AKT; X11238821); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (2; AKT; FAD; JFM; LAW; KOM; MAM; SHT; SKY); Inflammation (1; APA; BGB; JFM); Insanity (f; AKT); Insomnia (1; JFM; WHO); Intermittent Claudication (2; BGB; SHT; TGP); Keratosis (1; LAW); Laryngosis (1; LAW); Lead Poisoning (1; PNC); Leishmaniasis (1; X11119248); Leprosy (f; JFM); Leukemia (f; JLH); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Lumbago (f; PH2); Lupus (f; LAW); Lymphoma (f; JLH); Malaria (f; DAD; JFM); Mange (f; JFM); Melancholy (f; JFM); Meningosis (f; DAA); Menopause (f; JFM); Mucososis (1; LAW); Myalgia (f; PHR; PH2); Mycosis (2; AKT; FAD; LAW; KOM; MAM; PNC; SKY); Myofascitis (f; DAA); Nausea (1; WHO); Nephrosis (1; LAW); Nervousness (1; WHO); Neuralgia (1; LAW; PHR); Nicotinism (1; LAW); Obesity (1; BGB; DAD; PED; PNC; WHO); Odontosis (f; KAB); Otosis (1; FAD; SKY); Pain (1; BGB; DAD; JFM; PH2); Palpitation (f; JFM); Paradentosis (1; LAW); Paralysis (f; KAB); Parasite (1; AKT); Paratyphoid (f; KAP); Paratyphus (f; LAW); Pertussis (2; DAD; FAD; FAY; PNC); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Pinworm (1; AKT; FAY); Pneumonia (1; DAD; LAW); Poliomyelosis (1; LAW); Polyp (f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; KAP); Pulposis (1; LAW); Raynaud’s Syndrome (2; TGP); Respirosis (1; AKT; BGB; LAW; PH2; WHO); Rheumatism (1; FAD; LAW; PH2); Rhinosis (2; BGB); Ringworm (1; APA; DAA; WHO); Roundworm (1; LAW; WHO); Salmonella (1; WO2); Scabies (1; DAA; JFM); Sciatica (f; PHR; PH2); Senile Dementia (1; LAW; X11238823); Sepsis (1; LAW); Shigella (1; WO2); Sinusosis (1; FAY); Snakebite (f; FAD; FAY); Sore (1; FAD; JFM); Sore Throat (1; LAW); Splenosis (f; KAB); Sporotrichosis (1; LAW); Staphylococcus (1; LAW); Stomachache (f; FAY); Stomatosis (2; PHR); Streptococcus (2; X9354029); Swelling (f; AKT; FAD; FAY; JFM); Syncope (f; KAB); Tapeworm (f; JFM); Thirst (f; KAB); Thrombosis (1; FAY; PH2; PNC); Tonsilosis (1; LAW); Trachoma (f; DAA); Trichomoniasis (1; DAA); Trypanosomiasis (1; LAW); Tuberculosis (1; APA; JFM; LAW); Tumor (1; BGB; PNC); Typhoid (f; DAA); Typhus (1; DAD; LAW); Ulcer (1; AKT; X11238826); Ulcus cruris (2; LAW); UTI (1; WHO); Vaginosis (2; APA; DAA; LAW); Varicosis (f; JFM); Virus (1; AKT; APA; LAW; PH2; SKY); Wart (f; PHR; PH2); Water Retention (1; FAD; WHO); Wen (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; JLH); Worm (1; AKT; APA; JFM; LAW; WHO); Wound (f; PHR); Yeast (2; APA; CAN; JAD; WO2).

Dosage: Class 2c (AHP). Some thiolbearing compounds in garlic, onion, and their relatives can cause acantholysis in vitro (Brenner et al., 1995) and possibly pemphigus in vivo. “More than 5 cloves a day may induce gas and heartburn (Castleman, 1996) and ‘thin blood’” (people taking blood thinners may thereby overthin their blood). “May potentiate the effect of antihypertensive and anticoagulant medications”(SHT). No known contraindications during pregnancy and lactation (SKY). Some people are very allergic to garlic. Contraindicated in hyperthyroidism (TRA). Commission E reports rare GI disturbances, allergic reactions, change of odor of skin and breath. Sulphides may irritate the GI tract or cause dermatosis (CAN). Allergic reactions of contact dermatosis and severe asthmatic attacks (from inhalation of garlic powder). Topical application of garlic or garlic oil may cause local irritating effects. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur following ingestion of fresh garlic bulbs, extracts, or oil (AEH1). Fresh garlic is reportedly dangerous to children (AHP). Use sparingly with children under 2 years; may irritate mouth or stomach if used too liberally (WAM). Then there is Miller and Murray’s extremely cautious, but not critical review (MAM). Though possibly “useful for mild hypertension ... routine use is not recommended.” After informing us that no drug-drug interactions have been reported for garlic, they provide a long list of potential drug-drug interactions. Hasty readers, especially MDs, will take this as proven drug-garlic interactions, “Avoid concomitant use ... with NSAIDS, anticoagulants, and drugs that inhibit liver metabolism (e.g., cimetidine (Tagamet), ciproflaxin (Cipro), clarithromycin, diltiazem (Cardizem), enoxacin, erythromycin, fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, paroxetine (Paxil), ritonavir) may at least additively and perhaps synergistically interact with garlic.” (MAM) Watch also with drugs extensively metabolized by the liver (alprazolam, amitriptyline, astemizole, carbamazepine, cisapride, clozapine, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, desipramine, diazepan (Valium), imipramine, phenytoin (Dilantin), propranolol, terfenadine (Seldane), theophylline, triazolam, warfarin (Coumadin), and drugs that may be affected by liver inhibition (e.g., propranolol, diazepam) (MAM). MAM tabulates allergic contact dermatosis, burning GI sensations, diaphoresis, diarrhea, light-headedness, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, nausea, spinal epidural hematoma, and vomiting as side effects of garlic (MAM). MAM even tries to attribute a case of spinal hematoma to garlic (in an 87-year-old man ingesting 2 g daily “to prevent heart disease”). Perhaps they are too eager to accentuate the negative, attributing the problem “to garlic’s ability to inhibit normal platelet function.” Still accentuating the negative MAM talk about rats given massive doses (50 mg/day garlic powder) developing degenerative changes in 45 days and severe testicular lesions after 70 days (MAM). The credibility of their uncritical data is questionable; for example, on page 144, they talk about 0.75 mg garlic EO divided in three doses a day causing anorexia, nausea, severe vomiting, diarrhea, marked weight loss, metrorrhagia, and menorrhagia, yet on page 145 they casually discuss a dosage more than three orders of magnitude higher for 20 days, lowering platelet aggregation from 30.37% to 21.21% (MAM). At 3 × 300 mg/day coated garlic powder tablet, GI discomfort was the most frequent side effect; also bloating, dizziness, headache, hypotensive circulatory reactions, outbreaks of sweating; daily doses of 900–1200 mg were associated with garlic odor. Extracts (Garlic) — Extracts >30 ml/kg orl ipr scu in mus rat. Active hypoglycemic compounds may have insulin-sparing activity, the thiol groups competing for insulin with the inactivating compounds (PNC). Ajoene antiaggregant, antilipoxygenase, antiprostaglandin (CAN; PNC); synergizes antiaggregant activity of dipyramidole, forskolin, indomethacin, and prostacyclin. Garlic (or allicin) antiseptic to Aeromonas, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Candida albicans, Citrobacter, Cryptococcus, Epidermophyton, Escherichia coli, Herpes, Influenza, Klebsiela, Microsporum, Proteus, Providencia, Rhodotorula, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Torulopsis, Trichomonas spp, Trichophyton, Trichosporum, and Vibrio cholerae (CAN; PNC). LD50 = 60 mg/kg ivn mouse (SHT), 120 mg/kg scu mouse (M11; SHT). Might be a good way to cut back on your grocery bill (except for garlic), if you believe this quote “Rats fed up to 2000 mg/kg garlic extract for 6 months showed no weight loss but did show a slightly reduced food intake relative to controls.” There were no changes in renal function, hematologic parameters, or selected serologic parameters, and there was no evidence of any pathologic changes in organs or tissues. Clinical studies suggest utility if atherosclerosis, cardiopathy, GI disorders, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure (FAD). Commission E approvals differ; Blumenthal et al. (1998) approve 4 g fresh garlic or equivalent preparations “supportive to dietary measures at elevated levels of lipids in blood and preventative measures for age-dependent vascular changes” while Gruenwald et al. (1998) approve for almost the same things for which they approve echinacea, viz. atherosclerosis, bronchosis, cold, cough, fever, pharyngosis, stomatosis, and “tendency to infection.”

Contraindications: Class 2c (AHP). Some thiolbearing compounds in garlic, onion, and their relatives can cause acantholysis in vitro (Brenner et al., 1995) and possibly pemphigus in vivo. “More than 5 cloves a day may induce gas and heartburn (Castleman, 1996) and ‘thin blood’” (people taking blood thinners may thereby overthin their blood). “May potentiate the effect of antihypertensive and anticoagulant medications”(SHT). No known contraindications during pregnancy and lactation (SKY). Some people are very allergic to garlic. Contraindicated in hyperthyroidism (TRA). Commission E reports rare GI disturbances, allergic reactions, change of odor of skin and breath. Sulphides may irritate the GI tract or cause dermatosis (CAN). Allergic reactions of contact dermatosis and severe asthmatic attacks (from inhalation of garlic powder). Topical application of garlic or garlic oil may cause local irritating effects. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur following ingestion of fresh garlic bulbs, extracts, or oil (AEH1). Fresh garlic is reportedly dangerous to children (AHP). Use sparingly with children under 2 years; may irritate mouth or stomach if used too liberally (WAM). Then there is Miller and Murray’s extremely cautious, but not critical review (MAM). Though possibly “useful for mild hypertension ... routine use is not recommended.” After informing us that no drug-drug interactions have been reported for garlic, they provide a long list of potential drug-drug interactions. Hasty readers, especially MDs, will take this as proven drug-garlic interactions, “Avoid concomitant use ... with NSAIDS, anticoagulants, and drugs that inhibit liver metabolism (e.g., cimetidine (Tagamet), ciproflaxin (Cipro), clarithromycin, diltiazem (Cardizem), enoxacin, erythromycin, fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, paroxetine (Paxil), ritonavir) may at least additively and perhaps synergistically interact with garlic.” (MAM) Watch also with drugs extensively metabolized by the liver (alprazolam, amitriptyline, astemizole, carbamazepine, cisapride, clozapine, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, desipramine, diazepan (Valium), imipramine, phenytoin (Dilantin), propranolol, terfenadine (Seldane), theophylline, triazolam, warfarin (Coumadin), and drugs that may be affected by liver inhibition (e.g., propranolol, diazepam) (MAM). MAM tabulates allergic contact dermatosis, burning GI sensations, diaphoresis, diarrhea, light-headedness, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, nausea, spinal epidural hematoma, and vomiting as side effects of garlic (MAM). MAM even tries to attribute a case of spinal hematoma to garlic (in an 87-year-old man ingesting 2 g daily “to prevent heart disease”). Perhaps they are too eager to accentuate the negative, attributing the problem “to garlic’s ability to inhibit normal platelet function.” Still accentuating the negative MAM talk about rats given massive doses (50 mg/day garlic powder) developing degenerative changes in 45 days and severe testicular lesions after 70 days (MAM). The credibility of their uncritical data is questionable; for example, on page 144, they talk about 0.75 mg garlic EO divided in three doses a day causing anorexia, nausea, severe vomiting, diarrhea, marked weight loss, metrorrhagia, and menorrhagia, yet on page 145 they casually discuss a dosage more than three orders of magnitude higher for 20 days, lowering platelet aggregation from 30.37% to 21.21% (MAM). At 3 × 300 mg/day coated garlic powder tablet, GI discomfort was the most frequent side effect; also bloating, dizziness, headache, hypotensive circulatory reactions, outbreaks of sweating; daily doses of 900–1200 mg were associated with garlic odor. Extracts (Garlic) — Extracts >30 ml/kg orl ipr scu in mus rat. Active hypoglycemic compounds may have insulin-sparing activity, the thiol groups competing for insulin with the inactivating compounds (PNC). Ajoene antiaggregant, antilipoxygenase, antiprostaglandin (CAN; PNC); synergizes antiaggregant activity of dipyramidole, forskolin, indomethacin, and prostacyclin. Garlic (or allicin) antiseptic to Aeromonas, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Candida albicans, Citrobacter, Cryptococcus, Epidermophyton, Escherichia coli, Herpes, Influenza, Klebsiela, Microsporum, Proteus, Providencia, Rhodotorula, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Torulopsis, Trichomonas spp, Trichophyton, Trichosporum, and Vibrio cholerae (CAN; PNC). LD50 = 60 mg/kg ivn mouse (SHT), 120 mg/kg scu mouse (M11; SHT). Might be a good way to cut back on your grocery bill (except for garlic), if you believe this quote “Rats fed up to 2000 mg/kg garlic extract for 6 months showed no weight loss but did show a slightly reduced food intake relative to controls.” There were no changes in renal function, hematologic parameters, or selected serologic parameters, and there was no evidence of any pathologic changes in organs or tissues. Clinical studies suggest utility if atherosclerosis, cardiopathy, GI disorders, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure (FAD). Commission E approvals differ; Blumenthal et al. (1998) approve 4 g fresh garlic or equivalent preparations “supportive to dietary measures at elevated levels of lipids in blood and preventative measures for age-dependent vascular changes” while Gruenwald et al. (1998) approve for almost the same things for which they approve echinacea, viz. atherosclerosis, bronchosis, cold, cough, fever, pharyngosis, stomatosis, and “tendency to infection.”

Synonyms:

Actions: Abortifacient (1; 60P; TRA; WOI; X1841991); Analgesic (1; 60P; TRA; X1842010); Anesthetic (1; TRA; X1841991); Antiinflammatory (1; 60P; TRA); Antimitotic (1; X8081301); Antipyretic (f; IED; X1841991); Antiseptic (1; 60P; TRA); Antispasmodic (1; 60P; TRA; WOI); Antitrypanosomic (1; X9741882); Antitumor (1; TRA; 60P); Antitussive (f; DAV); Aphrodisiac (f; IED); Candidicide (1; 60P); CNS Depressant (1; DAV); Contraceptive (f; DAV); Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor (1; TRA); Depurative (f; 60P); Diaphoretic (f; JFM); Diuretic (f; JFM; WOI); Emmenagogue (f; IED; JFM; WOI); Expectorant (f; 60P; WOI); Hypoglycemic (1; ABS; X2100880); Immunostimulant (1; X10084333; 60P); Insecticide (f; 60P); Insectifuge (f; 60P); Mutagenic (1; X1377342); Nematicide (f; 60P); Nervine (f; JFM); Phagocytotic (f; 60P); Sedative (1; X1841991); Uterotonic (f; 60P); Vermifuge (f; JFM).

Indications: Arthrosis (1; 60P; X1842010); Asthma (f; JFM); Boil (f; JFM); Bronchosis (f; DAV); Bug Bite (f; DAV); Cancer (1; HAD; IED; TRA; 60P); Candida (1; 60P); Cardiopathy (f; JFM); Childbirth (f; 60P; IED); Cholera (f; 60P); Cold (f; 60P); Cramp (1; 60P; JFM; TRA; WOI); Cystosis (f; JFM); Dermatosis (f; 60P; TRA); Diabetes (1; X2100880); Diarrhea (f; JFM); Dysmenorrhea (f; JFM); Dyspepsia (1; TRA); Edema (1; TRA); Fever (f; IED; JFM; X1841991); Flu (f; JFM; TRA); Headache (f; JFM; TRA); Hoarseness (f; JFM); Hysteria (f; JFM); Immunodepression (1; X10084333; 60P); Inflammation (1; 60P; TRA); Insomnia (1; X1841991); Listeria (1; X10084333); Myalgia (f; TRA); Nerves (f; 60P; WOI); Nervousness (1; X1841991); Osteoarthrosis (1; ABS); Pain (1; 60P; JFM; TRA; X1841991; X1842010); Paralysis (f; JFM); Pertussis (f; JFM; WOI); Pneumonia (f; DAV); Pulmonosis (f; IED); Rheumatism (f; JFM; TRA); Ringworm (f; JFM); Scabies (f; DAV); Sinusosis (f; TRA); Snakebite (f; IED); Spasm (f; JFM); Toothache (f; 60P; TRA); Tumor (1; TRA; 60P); VD (f; 60P; JFM); Water Retention (f; JFM; WOI); Worm (f; IED; JFM); Yeast (1; 60P).

Dosage: Diabetic and pregnant patients should not use it (TRA). LD50 360 mg/kg rat (TRA).

Contraindications: Diabetic and pregnant patients should not use it (TRA). LD50 360 mg/kg rat (TRA).

Synonyms: Sterculia nitida

Actions: Aphrodisiac (f; CRC); Astringent (f; CRC); Nervine (f; CRC); Poison (f; CRC); Restorative (f; CRC); Sedative (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC).

Indications: Conception (f; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Fatigue (f; CRC); Infertility (f; CRC); Insomnia (f; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC); Nausea (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; CRC); Toothache (f; CRC).

Dosage:

Contraindications:

Synonyms:

Actions: Analgesic (1; HHB); Antiemetic (1, BGB); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; CAN; PED); Antipyretic (1; CRC; HHB); Antiseptic (f; CRC); Aperitif (1; CRC; PNC); Astringent (1; APA); Bitter (2; KOM; PNC); Carminative (f; PH2); Cholagogue (1; CAN; PH2); Choleretic (1; AOA; PNC); CNS Stimulant (1; HHB); Depurative (f; CRC); Digestive (1; APA; CRC; SKY); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Fungistat (1; PH2); Gastrostimulant (1; CAN); Insecticide (1; CRC); Mutagenic (1; APA; CAN); Roborant (2; KOM); Secretagogue (2; KOM; PIP); Sialagogue (2; APA; CAN; KOM; PH2); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC; HHB); Tonic (2; CRC; KOM; PIP); Vermifuge (f; CRC; HHB; MAD).

Indications: Achlorhydria (1; BGB; MAD); Anemia (f; MAD); Anorexia (2; APA; CAN; KOM; PH2; PNC); Arthrosis (1; HHB; PED); Bite (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; JAD); Atony (f; BGB); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Carcinoma (f; CRC; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; MAD); Chlorosis (f; MAD); Cholecystosis (f; HHB); Cold (f; CRC); Convulsion (f; CRC); Debility (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; APA; CRC; PNC); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (2; APA; CAN; KOM; PH2); Dysuria (f; CRC); Edema (1; HHB); Enterosis (1; APA; HHB); Fever (1; CRC; HHB; MAD); Gas (2; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2); Gastrosis (1; HHB; KOM; PED); Gastroenterosis (1; APA; CAN); Gout (f; CRC; MAD); Headache (f; MAD); Heartburn (1; APA; PNC); Hepatosis (f; CRC; JLH); Herpes (f; CRC); Hyperemia (f; HHB); Hysteria (f; MAD); Induration (f; CRC); Inflammation (1; APA; CAN; PED); Jaundice (f; APA; CRC; PED); Malaria (f; CRC; HHB); Nausea (f; PNC); Neurosis (f; MAD); Nicotinism (f; APA; CRC); Pain (1; HHB); Rheumatism (f; MAD); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (f; JLH); Sore Throat (f; APA; PED); Splenosis (f; CRC; JLH); Stomachache (1; CRC;PED); Syncope (f; CRC); Typhus (1; HHB); Ulcer (1; APA; JLH); Vomiting (1, BGB); Worm (f; CRC; HHB; MAD); Wound (1; APA).

Dosage: Class 2d. Root contraindicated in acid stomach, gastrosis, heartburn, and duodenal and gastric ulcers (AHP; KOM; SKY). May cause headache (KOM; PIP). Reportedly contraindicated in hypertension (CAN). Gentian has documented mutagenic activity and is reputed to affect the menstrual cycle, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Mutagenic activity in the AMES test has been documented for gentian with gentisin and isogentisin identified as mutagenic components. Gentian root is reported to contain 1000 ppm total mutagenic compounds, of which 760 were gentisin and isogentisin (CAN). Blumenthal et al., (1998) caution re dandelion, but not gentian, that, “As with all drugs containing bitter substances, discomfort due to gastric hyperacidity may occur” (KOM). Do I need to write out this caveat for all the bitter herbs (Pedersen, 1998, classifies nearly half of his herbs as bitter)? Warning: may cause hyperacidity and gastric distress. In general, bitter substances stimulate gastric secretion.

Contraindications: Class 2d. Root contraindicated in acid stomach, gastrosis, heartburn, and duodenal and gastric ulcers (AHP; KOM; SKY). May cause headache (KOM; PIP). Reportedly contraindicated in hypertension (CAN). Gentian has documented mutagenic activity and is reputed to affect the menstrual cycle, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Mutagenic activity in the AMES test has been documented for gentian with gentisin and isogentisin identified as mutagenic components. Gentian root is reported to contain 1000 ppm total mutagenic compounds, of which 760 were gentisin and isogentisin (CAN). Blumenthal et al., (1998) caution re dandelion, but not gentian, that, “As with all drugs containing bitter substances, discomfort due to gastric hyperacidity may occur” (KOM). Do I need to write out this caveat for all the bitter herbs (Pedersen, 1998, classifies nearly half of his herbs as bitter)? Warning: may cause hyperacidity and gastric distress. In general, bitter substances stimulate gastric secretion.

Synonyms: Asclepias vincetoxicum L., Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers., Vincetoxicum officinale Moench.

Actions: Antiseptic (1; PH2); Antitumor (1; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; HHB); Digestive (f; PH2); Digitalic (1; WOI); Diuretic (f; HHB; PH2); Emetic (f; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; PH2); Fungicide (1; HHB); Hemolytic (1; WOI); Laxative (f; EFS); Paralytic (1; PH2); Poison (1; WOI); Toxic (f; EFS).

Indications: Bruise (f; PH2); Cancer (1; PH2); Cancer, breast (f; HHB; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; HHB; JLH); Constipation (f; EFS); Dysmenorrhea (f; HHB; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Edema (f; PH2); Fever (f; HHB); Fungus (1; HHB); Infection (1; HHB); Mastosis (f; JLH); Mycosis (1; HHB); Nephrosis (f; HHB; PH2); Pain (f; HHB); Plague (f; HHB; PH2); Scrofula (f; EFS); Snakebite (f; HHB; PH2); Swelling (f; PH2); Tumor (1; PH2); Uterosis (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; HHB; PH2).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). The mix of glycosides, called vincetoxin, in high doses in animals causes apnea, cardiac paralysis, and vomiting.

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). The mix of glycosides, called vincetoxin, in high doses in animals causes apnea, cardiac paralysis, and vomiting.