| English Name | Botanical Name | More Info |
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| CARAWAY | Carum carvi | |
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Synonyms: Carum velenovskyi Rohlena Actions: Anthelminthic (f; DEP); Antianemic (1; APA); Antibacterial (1; APA; PHR; PH2; TAD; WO2); Anticancer (1; APA; TAD); Antihistaminic (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (f; SHT); Antiseptic (1; KOM; PIP; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; APA; HH2; KOM; PH2; SHT; TAD); Aperitif (1; APA); Candidicide (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Carminative (1; APA; DEP; JAD; SHT); Choleretic (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Collyrium (f; DEP); Digestive (1; APA); Diuretic (f; WO2); Emmenagogue (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Expectorant (f; PNC; SHT); Fungicide (1; APA; WO2); Lactagogue (f; APA; HHB; MPI; PHR; PH2); Larvicide (1; APA; WO2); Myorelaxant (1; APA); Neurotropic (f; WO2); Stimulant (f; PNC); Stomachic (f; HHB; MPI; PHR); Uterorelaxant (1; APA); Vermifuge (f; EFS). Indications: Alactea (f; EFS); Anemia (1; APA); Anorexia (2; APA; HHB; KOM; PIP); Bacteria (1; APA; HH2; PHR; PH2; TAD; WO2); Bronchosis (2; PHR); Cancer (1; APA; TAD); Candida (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Cardiopathy (f; PHR; PH2); Cholecystosis (2; PHR); Cold (2; APA; PHR); Colic (1; DEP; KOM; PIP; WO2); Cough (2; APA; PHR); Cramp (1; APA; DEP; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT; TAD; WO2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA); Dyspepsia (1; APA; DEP; HHB; KOM; PHR; SHT); Ectoparasite (f; HHB); Enterosis (f; DEP; PH2); Fever (2; PHR); Fungus (1; APA; HH2; WO2); Gas (1; APA; DEP; HHB; JAD; KOM; PHR; SHT); Gastrosis (1; PH2; PIP; PNC; WO2); Hemorrhoid (f; DEP); Hepatosis (2; PHR); Incontinence (f; APA); Infection (1; APA; HH2; PHR; PH2; WO2); Inflammation (f; SHT); Lumbago (f; WO2); Myalgia (1; APA); Mycosis (1; APA; WO2); Nausea (f; APA); Nervousness (f; PHR); Neurosis (f; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; DEP); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Pleurosis(1; HHB); Rheumatism (1; HHB; WO2); Scabies (1; WO2); Stomachache (1; PNC); Stomatosis (2; PHR); Uterosis (f; DEP);Water Retention (f; EFS; WO2); Worm (f; DEP; EFS); Yeast (1; HH2; PHR; PH2). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). None known (KOM).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). We might extend to all apiaceous oils Bisset’s comments on celeryseed oil, “The drug is contraindicated in inflammation of the kidneys,†since apiaceous EOs may increase the inflammation as a result of epithelial irritation (BIS). Overdoses for long periods can lead to kidney and/or liver damage (PHR; PH2). Antispasmodic and carminative effects confirmed; caraway reduces GI foam (PNC). ED50 caraway oil as antispasmodic 20 mg/l (HH2). Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). None known (KOM).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). We might extend to all apiaceous oils Bisset’s comments on celeryseed oil, “The drug is contraindicated in inflammation of the kidneys,†since apiaceous EOs may increase the inflammation as a result of epithelial irritation (BIS). Overdoses for long periods can lead to kidney and/or liver damage (PHR; PH2). Antispasmodic and carminative effects confirmed; caraway reduces GI foam (PNC). ED50 caraway oil as antispasmodic 20 mg/l (HH2). |
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| CARDAMOM | Elettaria cardamomum | |
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Synonyms: Amomum cardamomum L. Actions: Abortifacient (f; KAB); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Antibacterial (1; PH2); Anticancer (1; APA); Antimutagenic (1; X7753104); Antinitrosating (1; X7753104); Antiseptic (f; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; APA; PNC); Antiviral (1; PH2); Aperitif (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; APA); Cardiotonic (f; KAP); Carminative (1; APA; EFS; PNC; SUW); Cholagogue (2; KOM; PH2); Choleretic (1; PH2); CNS-Stimulant (1; FNF); Decongestant (1; FNF); Digestive (f; SKJ); Diuretic (f; EFS; SUW); Emmenagogue (f; KAB); Fungicide (f; PH2); Laxative (f; KAB; KAP); Secretolytic (1; PH2); Stimulant (1; APA; PNC; SUW); Stomachic (1; KAP; PNC; SUW); Tonic (f; KAP); Virustat (2; KOM). Indications: Ague (f; DAD); Alcoholism (f; DAD); Anorexia (2; EFS; HHB; PHR; PH2); Asthma (f; APA; KAP; SKJ); Bacteria (1; PH2); Biliousness (f; KAP); Bleeding (f; DAD); Bronchosis (2; KAP; PHR; PH2; SKJ); Cacoethes (f; JLH); Cancer (1; APA; FNF; JLH; X7753104); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, diaphragm (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH; KAB); Catarrh (f; DAD); Cholecystosis (2; PHR;PH2); Cholera (f; DEP); Cold (2; PHR; PH2); Colic, liver (1; APA); Congestion (1; FNF); Constipation (f; KAB; KAP); Cough (f; PH2); Cramp (1; APA; PNC); Cystosis (f; DEP; KAB; KAP); Debility (f; DAD); Dermatosis (f; KAB); Diaphragmosis (f; JLH); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (2; APA; KAP; KOM; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAD); Dysuria (f; APA; KAB); Enterosis (f; JLH); Enuresis (f; DAD); Fatigue (1; APA); Fever (2; PHR; PH2); Fungus (f; PH2); Gas (1; APA; EFS; KAP; PH2; PNC; RIN; SUW); Gastrosis (1; JLH; PH2); Halitosis (1; APA; DAD); Headache (f; DEP); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB; KAP); Hepatosis (2; JLH; PHR; PH2); Hyperacidity (f; DAD); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (2; PHR; PH2); Inflammation (1; FNF; KAB); Intoxication (f; DAD); Malaria (f; DAD); Morning Sickness (f; PH2); Mycosis (f; PH2); Nausea (f; DEP; PH2); Nephrosis (f; KAB); Otosis (f; KAB); Pain (f; DAD); Pharyngosis (2; KAB; PHR; PH2); Proctosis (f; KAB); Pulmonosis (f; DAD); Roemheld Syndrome (f; PH2); Scabies (f; KAB); Snakebite (f; KAB); Splenosis (f; JLH); Spermatorrhea (f; DAD); Stomachache (1; APA; PH2); Stomatosis (2; PHR; PH2); Strangury (f; KAP); Toothache (f; KAB); Tuberculosis (f; DAD; SKJ); Urethrosis (f; PH2); Urogenitosis (f; DAD); Uterosis (f; JLH); Vomiting (f; DEP; PH2); Virus (1; PH2); Water Retention (f; EFS; SUW). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). No side effects or interactions reported (KOM). Patients with gallstone should consult a physician before taking (KOM). Can trigger gallstone colic (PH2). Fleming et al. give a much longer Commission E approval list than Blumenthal et al. (who list only dyspepsia in 1998, and dropped it in BGB). There’s something very repetitive about the caveats that a compiler like me is liable to notice. There are probably a dozen species like this where the Blumenthal and Fleming et al. templates are parallel to this one case. Good computer jocks can seek them out. Accentuating the negative, Rinzler notes that borneol, eucalyptol (= cineole), and limonene are irritants; limonene is a photosensitizer. Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). No side effects or interactions reported (KOM). Patients with gallstone should consult a physician before taking (KOM). Can trigger gallstone colic (PH2). Fleming et al. give a much longer Commission E approval list than Blumenthal et al. (who list only dyspepsia in 1998, and dropped it in BGB). There’s something very repetitive about the caveats that a compiler like me is liable to notice. There are probably a dozen species like this where the Blumenthal and Fleming et al. templates are parallel to this one case. Good computer jocks can seek them out. Accentuating the negative, Rinzler notes that borneol, eucalyptol (= cineole), and limonene are irritants; limonene is a photosensitizer. |
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| CARLINE THISTLE | Carlina acaulis | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Anthelminthic (f; HHB); Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antispasmodic (1; PH2); Cholagogue (f; EFS); Diaphoretic (1; EFS; HHB; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Emetic (f; EFS; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; HHB); Laxative (f; HHB); Stomachic (f; EFS; HHB); Vermifuge (f; EFS). Indications: Bacteria (1; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; PH2); Cold (f; PH2); Constipation (f; EFS); Cramp (1; PH2); Dermatosis (f; HHB); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Fever (1; EFS; HHB; PH2); Gastrosis (f; EFS); Lichen (f; HHB); Psoriasis (f; HHB); Scabies (f; HHB); Sore (f; HHB); Staphylococcus (1; PH2); Toothache (f; HHB); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Worm (f; EFS); Wound (f; HHB). Dosage: Contraindications: |
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| CARNATION | Dianthus caryophyllus | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Alexeteric (f; WOI); Allergenic (1; X10400858); Anthelminthic (f; WOI); Anti-HIV (1; X7316958); Antiribosomal (1; X10850653); Antiviral (1; X10850653); Cardiotonic (f; WOI); Diaphoretic (f; WOI); Fungicide (1; X11314958); Vermifuge (f; WOI). Indications: Fever (f; WOI); Fungus (1; X11314958); HIV (1; X10850653; X7316958); Infection (1; X11314958); Mycosis (1; X11314958); Virus (1; X10850653); Worm (f; WOI). Dosage: Showing what variation can be expected in EOs like carnation, my sources show the quantity of EO in the flowers varies from 0.003% (HHB) to 0.29% (WOI). It may contain 12–40% benzyl-benzoate, 2–30% eugenol, 1–11% cis-3-hexenylbenzoate (TAD). Contraindications: Showing what variation can be expected in EOs like carnation, my sources show the quantity of EO in the flowers varies from 0.003% (HHB) to 0.29% (WOI). It may contain 12–40% benzyl-benzoate, 2–30% eugenol, 1–11% cis-3-hexenylbenzoate (TAD). |
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| CAROB | Ceratonia siliqua | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Antibacterial (2; SKY; WO2); Antiaggregant (1; PH2); Antiexudative (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; WO2); Antitoxic (1; SKY); Antitussive (f; BIB); Antiviral (1; PH2); Astringent (1; SKY; WO2); Demulcent (f; BIB); Digestive (1; PH2); Hemolytic (1; WO2); Hypocholesterolemic (1; BIB; LAF); Hypoglycemic (1; LAF); Hypoinsulemic (1; LAF); Hypolipidemic (1; PH2); Laxative (f; BIB; EFS; LAF); Pectoral (f; BIB; EFS); Resolvent (f; BIB). Indications: Asthma (f; BIB); Bacteria (2; SKY; WO2); Catarrh (f; BIB; PNC); Celiac (f; PH2); Childbirth (f; PH2); Colitis (f; PH2); Constipation (f; LAF); Cough (f; BIB; HHB; PH2; WO2); Dehydration (f; WO2); Diabetes (1; LAF; WO2); Diarrhea (2; HHB; SKY); Dyspepsia (2; SKY; WO2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Heartburn (1; SKY); High Cholesterol (1; BIB; LAF); Hyperglycemia (1; LAF); Hyperperistalsis (f; WO2); Induration (f; JLH); Obesity (1; LAF; PH2); Sprue (f; PH2); Steatorrhea (f; HHB); Virus (1; PH2); Voice (f; PNC); Vomiting (f; PH2); Wart (f; JLH). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Infant diarrhea must be monitored by a professional to ensure proper hydration with high electrolyte fluid during acute diarrhea (SKY). Carob tannins inactivate toxins by binding with them; inhibit bacteria (SKY). By making stomach contents more viscous, fibers and sugars may interfere with acid reflux into the esophagus (SKY). Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Infant diarrhea must be monitored by a professional to ensure proper hydration with high electrolyte fluid during acute diarrhea (SKY). Carob tannins inactivate toxins by binding with them; inhibit bacteria (SKY). By making stomach contents more viscous, fibers and sugars may interfere with acid reflux into the esophagus (SKY). |
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| CARROT | Daucus carota | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Abortifacient (f; WBB; WOI); Anthelminthic (1; PH2; WBB); Antibacterial (1; CRC; PH2); Antifertility (1; JFM); Antiimplantation (f; CRC); Antilactagogue (f; JFM); Antilithic (f; APA); Antinitrosaminic (1; JNU); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antiproliferant (1; JNU); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (1; JFM; PH2); Aperitif (f; DEM); Aphrodisiac (1; APA; CRC); Aromatic (f; CRC); Astringent (1; PH2); Cardioactive (1; APA); Carminative (f; APA; CRC; JFM); Chemopreventive (1; APA); Contraceptive (1; APA; CRC); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Depurative (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; APA; CAN; CRC; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; APA; CRC; JFM); Emollient (f; WBB); Hepatoprotective (1; APA); Hypoglycemic (f; CRC); Hypotensive (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Hypouricemic (1; WOI); MAOI (1; JFM); Memorigenic (1; JNU); NKC-Booster (1; JNU); Myorelaxant (1; APA; WBB); Ophthalmic (1; PH2); Stimulant (f; CRC; PH2); Tonic (f; CRC); Uterocontractant (1; WOI); Vasodilator (1; APA); Vermifuge (1; PHR; PH2). Indications: Acne (f; DEM); Anorexia (f; DEM); Aphonia (f; JFM); Asthma (f; JFM); Bacteria (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Bladder Stone (f; APA); Boil (f; JFM); Burn (f; JFM); Calculus (f; CAN; CRC); Cancer (1; APA; CRC); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; CRC); Cancer, bowel (f; CRC); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; JLH); Cancer, esophagus (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, neck (f; JLH); Cancer, penis (f; JLH); Cancer, skin (f; CRC); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC); Cancer, testicle (f; CRC); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; JFM); Cough (f; JFM); Cystosis (f; CAN; WOI); Dermatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Diabetes (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Diarrhea (f; WBB; PHR); Dropsy (f; CRC; WBB); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Dysuria (f; DEM); Eczema (f; JFM); Elephantiasis (f; JFM); Erysipelas (f; JFM); Fever (f; CRC); Gas (f; APA; CRC; JFM); Gout (1; CRC; JAD; WOI); Gravel (f; CRC; JAD); Heart (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; APA); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; PHR; PH2); High Cholesterol (1; JNU); Hyperglycemia (f; CRC); Infection (f; JFM); Jaundice (f; CRC; JFM); Leukemia (f; JLH); Lithuria (f; CAN); Mastosis (f; JFM); Nephrosis (f; APA; CRC; WBB); Nerve (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Oxyuria (f; PHR; PH2); Parasite (f; PHR; PH2); Photodermatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Pinworm (1; APA; WBB); Prolapse (f; DEM); Psoriasis (f; JFM); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Scotopia (1; PH2); Scurvy (f; CRC); Stroke (1; JNU); Swelling (f; DEM);Tonsilosis (f; PHR; PH2); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CRC; JFM; WBB); Uterosis (f; CRC); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; APA; CAN; CRC; HHB); Whitlow (f; JFM); Womb (f; DEM); Worm (1; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Wound (f; JFM). Dosage: Seed treated as Class 2b (AHP). CAN caution that furanocoumarins are phototoxic and may cause dermatosis. “In view of the documented estrogenic activity and potentially toxic irritant volatile oil, excessive doses of wild carrot during pregnancy and lactation should be avoided†(CAN). Excessive doses may interfere with blood pressure, cardiac, and hormone medications. Extracts (Carrot) — Weak estrogenic and antiimplantation activity reported for seed extracts. Coumarin is a weak estrogen. Sixty percent antifertility effects in rats are reported. Conversely 20%, 40%, and 10% activities were exhibited by aqueous, alcoholic, and petrol extracts, respectively. Seeds contain psychoactive myristicin (APA). Seed oil LD50 = >5000 mg/kg orl mouse; LD50 = >5000 mg/kg der guinea pig, antispasmodic (1/10th papaverine), cardiotonic, CNS-hypnotic, hypotensive, respiradepressant, vasodilator. Cholinergic activity reported for choline, no real surprise there. British study showed that two large carrots a day for 3 weeks could lower cholesterol by 11% (JNU). “Although carrots contain more sugar than any vegetable except beets, the fiber in carrots prevents this sugar from surging into the bloodstream and causing insulin spikes, as the fear-mongers would have it†(JNU). A 1995 study of carrot extracts showed that it protected the liver from carbon-tetrachloride damage (APA). My granddaughter turns orange after eating a full bottle of carrot baby food. Contraindications: Seed treated as Class 2b (AHP). CAN caution that furanocoumarins are phototoxic and may cause dermatosis. “In view of the documented estrogenic activity and potentially toxic irritant volatile oil, excessive doses of wild carrot during pregnancy and lactation should be avoided†(CAN). Excessive doses may interfere with blood pressure, cardiac, and hormone medications. Extracts (Carrot) — Weak estrogenic and antiimplantation activity reported for seed extracts. Coumarin is a weak estrogen. Sixty percent antifertility effects in rats are reported. Conversely 20%, 40%, and 10% activities were exhibited by aqueous, alcoholic, and petrol extracts, respectively. Seeds contain psychoactive myristicin (APA). Seed oil LD50 = >5000 mg/kg orl mouse; LD50 = >5000 mg/kg der guinea pig, antispasmodic (1/10th papaverine), cardiotonic, CNS-hypnotic, hypotensive, respiradepressant, vasodilator. Cholinergic activity reported for choline, no real surprise there. British study showed that two large carrots a day for 3 weeks could lower cholesterol by 11% (JNU). “Although carrots contain more sugar than any vegetable except beets, the fiber in carrots prevents this sugar from surging into the bloodstream and causing insulin spikes, as the fear-mongers would have it†(JNU). A 1995 study of carrot extracts showed that it protected the liver from carbon-tetrachloride damage (APA). My granddaughter turns orange after eating a full bottle of carrot baby food. |
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| CASCARA SAGRADA | Frangula purshiana | |
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Synonyms: Rhamnus purshiana DC. Actions: Antibacterial (1; HH2); Antiherpetic (1; APA; HH2); Antileukemic (1; APA); Antiseptic (1; APA; DEM); Antispasmodic (f; PED); Antiviral (1; APA; HH2); Bitter (1; PED); Depurative (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emetic (1; APA; DEM); Fungicide (1; FNF); Hepatotonic (f; PED); Hydragogue (1; PH2); Laxative (2; APA; FNF; HH2; PED; PNC; PH2; SKY); Peristaltic Indications: Arthrosis (f; DEM); Bacteria (1; HH2); Biliousness (f; DEM; FEL); Cancer (1; APA); Catarrh (f; FEL); Chickenpox (1; APA); Constipation (2; APA; FEL; HH2; KOM; PH2; PNC; SKY); Cramp (f; PED); Duodenosis (f; FEL); Dysentery (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (1; FEL; PNC); Flu (1; APA); Fungus (1; FNF); Gas (f; PED); Gastrosis (f; DEM; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Headache (f; FEL); Hemorrhoid (1; PNC); Hepatosis (f; DEM); Herpes (1; APA; HH2); Infection (1; DEM; FNF); Jaundice (f; FEL); Leukemia (1; APA); Mycosis (1; FNF); Proctosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Ringworm (1; FNF); Sciatica (f; DEM); Shingles (1; APA); Sore (f; DEM); Swelling (f; DEM); VD (f; DEM); Virus (1; APA; HH2); Water Retention (f; CRC); Worm (f; DEM); Wound (f; DEM). Dosage: Class 2b, 2c, 2d. Contraindicated in hemorrhoids and nephropathy (CAN), intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain of unknowncauses, any enteritis (appendicitis, colitis, Crohn’s disease, IBS), hemorrhoids, nephropathy, menstruation (AHP). AHP also says not to use in cases of abdominal pain or diarrhea. Discontinue use if or watery stools occur. Consult a health care provider before using in cases of pregnancy or nursing. Not for longterm use or overdosage (AHP). CAN cautions that anthraquinones are laxative and irritant to the GI tract. Because of the anthraquinones, nonstandardized preparations should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation (CAN). Not for children under 12 years old. Do not use bark that has not been heat-treated or aged 1 year (AHP). While widely used, anthranoid-containing laxatives can be habit forming; some contain compounds suspected of being cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and even tumorigenic; epidemiological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have three times higher rate of colon carcinoma (AEH). “Some herbal laxative preparations such as cascara, for example, can cause an increase in the potency of digoxin†(D’epiro, 1997). Chronic use may lead to hypokalemia, increasing efficacy, perhaps dangerously, of cardiac glycosides, perhaps antiarrhythmics. Hypokalemia can be increased with corticosteroids, diuretics, and licorice root (KOM). Cathartic cascarosides induce the large intestine to increased peristalsis, inducing bowel movement. Clinical comparison of patients preparing for colonoscopy showed that GoLytely alone and Senna alone with enema did better than a mix of GoLytely with Cascara. Cascara was last choice for cleanliness and quality of the exam (PH2). Contraindications: Class 2b, 2c, 2d. Contraindicated in hemorrhoids and nephropathy (CAN), intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain of unknowncauses, any enteritis (appendicitis, colitis, Crohn’s disease, IBS), hemorrhoids, nephropathy, menstruation (AHP). AHP also says not to use in cases of abdominal pain or diarrhea. Discontinue use if or watery stools occur. Consult a health care provider before using in cases of pregnancy or nursing. Not for longterm use or overdosage (AHP). CAN cautions that anthraquinones are laxative and irritant to the GI tract. Because of the anthraquinones, nonstandardized preparations should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation (CAN). Not for children under 12 years old. Do not use bark that has not been heat-treated or aged 1 year (AHP). While widely used, anthranoid-containing laxatives can be habit forming; some contain compounds suspected of being cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and even tumorigenic; epidemiological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have three times higher rate of colon carcinoma (AEH). “Some herbal laxative preparations such as cascara, for example, can cause an increase in the potency of digoxin†(D’epiro, 1997). Chronic use may lead to hypokalemia, increasing efficacy, perhaps dangerously, of cardiac glycosides, perhaps antiarrhythmics. Hypokalemia can be increased with corticosteroids, diuretics, and licorice root (KOM). Cathartic cascarosides induce the large intestine to increased peristalsis, inducing bowel movement. Clinical comparison of patients preparing for colonoscopy showed that GoLytely alone and Senna alone with enema did better than a mix of GoLytely with Cascara. Cascara was last choice for cleanliness and quality of the exam (PH2). |
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| CASCARILLA | Croton eluteria | |
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Synonyms: Clutia eluteria L. Actions: Antiseptic (f; CRC); Aperitif (f; HHB); Astringent (f; JFM); Balsamic (f; CRC); Bitter (f; HHB); Digestive (f; CRC); Hypotensive (f; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC); Sedative (f; HHB); Stimulant (f; PH2); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; PH2). Indications: Anorexia (f; HHB); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Cold (f; CRC; JFM); Debility (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; CRC; PH2); Dysentery (f; CRC; JFM); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; HHB; PH2); Fever (f; CRC; HHB; JFM); Flu (f; CRC; JFM); Gas (f; JFM); High Blood Pressure (f; CRC); Insomnia (f; HHB); Leprosy (f; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; HHB); Nocturnal Emissions (f; CRC); Vomiting (f; PH2). Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2) “Possibly narcotic. As an aromatic additive to tobacco, it is said to have caused intoxication and vertigo†(CRC). Doses more than 2 g may induce headache, insomnia, and nausea (HHB). Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2) “Possibly narcotic. As an aromatic additive to tobacco, it is said to have caused intoxication and vertigo†(CRC). Doses more than 2 g may induce headache, insomnia, and nausea (HHB). |
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| CASHEW | Anacardium occidentale | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor (1; WO3); Alpha-Glucosidase-Inhibitor (1; WO3); Amebicide (1; IED); Anesthetic (1; DEP; IED); Anthelminthic (1; MPB); Antibacterial (1; MPI; WO3); Antidiabetic (f; MPB); Antiedemic (1; X2414605); Antihepatomic (1; WO2); Antiinflammatory (1; MPB); Antiseptic (1; WO2); Antitumor (1; WO3); Aphrodisiac (f; MPB); Astringent (1; MPB); CNS-Depressant (1; MPB); Cytotoxic (1; WO3); Depurative (f; MPB); Diaphoretic (f; MPB); Discutient (f; IED); Diuretic (f; WO2); Expectorant (f; MPB); Fungicide (f; IED); Hypoglycemic (1; WO2); Hypotensive (1; WO2); Insecticide (1; WO2); Invertase-Inhibitor (1; WO3); Larvicide (1; WO2); Laxative (f; WO2); 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor (1; WO3); Molluscicide (1; MPB); Prostaglandase-Synthase-Inhibitor (1; WO3); Rubefacient (1; MPI); Sedative (1; MPB); Stimulant (f; MPB); Tonic (f; MPB); Tyrosinase-Inhibitor (1; X8021657); Vesicant (1; MPI). Indications: Acne (1; WO3); Ameba (1; IED); Amnesia (f; WO2); Aphtha (f; MPB); Arrhythmia (f; WO2); Bacteria (1; MPI; WO3); Bleeding (f; DAV); Cachexia (f; MPB); Callus (f;JLH); Cancer (1; WO3); Cancer, breast (1; WO3); Cancer, cervix (1; WO3); Cancer, skin (1; WO3); Cardiopathy (f; WO2); Catarrh (f; MPB); Cholera (f; WO2); Cold (f; IED); Colic (f; MPB); Contraceptive (f; DAV); Corn (f; JLH; WO2); Cracked Feet (f; DEP); Debility (f; MPB); Dermatosis (f; MPB); Diabetes (1; MPB; WO2; X9741880); Diarrhea (1; IED); Dysentery (f; DAV); Dyspepsia (f; MPB); Enterosis (f; MPB); Fever (f; IED; MPB); Fungus (f; IED); Gingivosis (f; IED); Glaucoma (1; WO3); Headache (f; IED); Hemoptysis (f; DAV); Hepatoma (1; WO2); High Blood Pressure (1; WO2); Hookworm (f; WO2); Hyperglycemia (1; WO2); Impotence (f; WO2); Infection (f; IED); Inflammation (1; MPB; X2414605); Insanity (f; WO2); Insomnia (1; MPB); Leishmaniasis (1; X8146389); Leprosy (f; WO2); Malaria (f; IED); Mycosis (f; IED); Nephrosis (f; WO2); Nervousness (1; MPB); Pain (1; DEP; IED); Pericardosis (f; WO2); Psoriasis (f; DEP); Rash (f; IED); Rheumatism (f; WO2); Sore (f; WO2); Sore Throat (1; IED; WO3); Swelling (1; X2414605); Syphilis (f; MPB); Tumor (1; WO3); Vaginosis (f; DAV); VD (f; MPB); Wart (f; WO2); Water Retention (f; WO2); Worm (1; MPB). Dosage: Not covered (AHP; KOM). Alkyl phenols are dermal irritants. May cause poison ivy–like reactions. Fruit juice contains three antitumor compounds (JAF41:1012, 1993). Contraindications: Not covered (AHP; KOM). Alkyl phenols are dermal irritants. May cause poison ivy–like reactions. Fruit juice contains three antitumor compounds (JAF41:1012, 1993). |
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| CASSIA | Cinnamomum aromaticum | |
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Synonyms: Cinnamomum cassia auct. Actions: Analgesic (f; WO2); Anesthetic (1; WO2); Antiaggregant (1; CAN); Antiallergic (1; WO2); Antibacterial (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Anticomplement (1; CAN); Antidiarrheic (1; CAN); Antidote (f; WO2); Antiemetic (1; CAN); Antiproteinuric (1; WO2); Antipyretic (f; WO2); Antiseptic (1; CAN; WO2); Antispasmodic (1; CAN); Antitumor (1; CAN); Antiulcer (1; BGB; CAN; PH2; WO2); Antiviral (1; BGB; LAF); Astringent (1; AHP; WO2); Cardiotonic (f; WO2); Carminative (f; BGB; CAN; WO2); Diaphoretic (f; AHP); Digestive (f; BGB); Diuretic (f; WO2); Expectorant (f; WO2); Fungicide (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Hepatotonic (f; WO2); Hypotensive(1; WO2); Immunostimulant (1; PH2); Larvicide (1; BGB; LAF); Laxative (f; WO2); Sedative (f; WO2); Stomachic (f; AHP; BGB); Tranquilizer (f; WO2). Indications: Allergy (1; WO2); Amenorrhea (1; PH2; WO2); Anesthetic (1; WO2); Anorexia (2; BGB; KOM; PH2); Ascites (f; WO2); Asthenia (f; BGB); Asthma (1; BGB; WO2); Bacteria (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Bloating (2; BGB; KOM); Bronchosis (1; BGB); Cancer (1; CAN; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, diaphragm (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, vagina (f; JLH); Cold (f; BGB; CAN); Colic (1; BGB; CAN; PH2); Condyloma (f; JLH); Cough (f; BGB); Cramp (1; BGB; CAN); Cystosis (f; JLH); Diaphragmosis (f; JLH); Diarrhea (1; BGB; CAN; PH2); Dyspepsia (2; BGB; CAN; KOM; PH2); Dysuria (f; WO2); Edema (f; WO2); Enterosis (f; BGB; PH2; WO2); Enuresis (f; PH2); Epilepsy (f; WO2); Fatigue (f; PH2); Fever (f; AHP; BGB; WO2); Fungus (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Gas (1; BGB; CAN; PH2; WO2); Gastrosis (f; BGB; PH2; WO2); Gray Hair (f; WO2); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hernia (f; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; WO2); Immunodepression (1; PH2); Impotence (f; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Insomnia (f; WO2); Menopause (f; PH2); Mycosis (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Nephrosis (1; BGB; WO2); Nervousness (f; WO2); Neuralgia (1; WO2); Neurasthenia (f; PH2); Ophthalmia (1; WO2); Orchosis (f; PH2); Pain (1; WO2); Pharyngosis (f; WO2); Sore (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; JLH); Tracheosis (1; WO2); Tumor (1; CAN); Ulcer (1; BGB; CAN; PH2; WO2); Urethrosis (f; WO2); Uterosis (f; WO2); Vaginosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; BGB; LAF); Vomiting (1; CAN; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; WO2). Dosage: Class 2b, reportedly abortifacient (AHP). CAN cautions that the cinnamaldehyde in the volatile oil is allergenic and irritant (CAN). May interfere with absorption of tetracycline (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Prolonged use of the EO should be restricted during pregnancy (AHP). Commission E reports contraindications for bark: hypersensitivity to cinnamon or Peruvian balsam, also contraindicated in pregnancy; adverse effects: often allergic reactions of skin and mucosa (AEH). Flower not permitted for therapeutic use. EO LD50 = 320 mg/kg der (CAN); should not be used on skin at levels >0.2%. Aqueous extracts of cassia deemed as effective as cimetidine at preventing ulcers (BGB; WO2). Contraindications: Class 2b, reportedly abortifacient (AHP). CAN cautions that the cinnamaldehyde in the volatile oil is allergenic and irritant (CAN). May interfere with absorption of tetracycline (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Prolonged use of the EO should be restricted during pregnancy (AHP). Commission E reports contraindications for bark: hypersensitivity to cinnamon or Peruvian balsam, also contraindicated in pregnancy; adverse effects: often allergic reactions of skin and mucosa (AEH). Flower not permitted for therapeutic use. EO LD50 = 320 mg/kg der (CAN); should not be used on skin at levels >0.2%. Aqueous extracts of cassia deemed as effective as cimetidine at preventing ulcers (BGB; WO2). |
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