| English Name | Botanical Name | More Info |
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| CHRYSANTHEMUM, MUM | Chrysanthemum x morifolium | |
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Synonyms: Anthemis grandiflorum Ramat., A. stipulacea Moench, Chrysanthemum sinense Sabine, C. stipulaceum (Moench) W. Wight, Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam., D. morifolium Tzvelev., Matricaria morifolia Ramat. Actions: Allergenic (f; WO2); Antibacterial (1; AKT; DAA); Antiinflammatory (f; X8987908); Antipyretic (f; DAA); Antiseptic (1; AKT; DAA); Antiviral (1; AKT);Aperient (f; WO2); Carminative (f; FAY); Collyrium (f; WO2); Depurative (f; WO2); Detoxicant (f; FAY); Digestive (f; WO2); Fungicide (1; AKT; FAY); Laxative (f; HHB); Sedative (f; DAA); Stomachic (f; WO2); Tonic (f; WO2). Indications: Adenopathy (f; WO2); Allergy (f; AKT); Alopecia (f; WO2); Amenorrhea (f; WO2); Angina (2; FAY); Anxiety (f; FAY); Atherosclerosis (1; FAY); Bacteria (1; AKT; DAA; FAY); Boil (f; DAA); Bronchosis (f; FAY); Bubo (f; DAA); Burn (1; FAY); Cancer (f; DAA; WO2); Cancer, breast (f; DAA); Carbuncle (f; DAA); Cardiopathy (1; AKT; FAY); Cold (f; FAY; WO2); Congestion (f; AKT); Conjunctivosis (f; DAA; FAY); Constipation (f; HHB); Cough (f; AKT); Dizziness (f; DAA); Dysmenorrhea (f; WO2); Fever (f; DAA); Flu (f; DAA); Fungus (1; AKT; FAY); Gas (f; FAY); Gonorrhea (f; WO2); Gray Hair (f; WO2); Headache (f; FAY); Hepatosis (f; AKT); High Blood Pressure (1; FAY); Infection (1; DAA; FAY); Inflammation (f; X8987908); Insomnia (f; DAA); Mastosis (f; DAA); Menopause (f; DAA); Migraine (f; WO2); Mycosis (1; AKT; FAY); Nervousness (f; DAA); Numbness (1; FAY); Ophthalmia (f; AKT; DAA); Palpitation (1; FAY); Parkinson’s Disease (f; WO2); Respirosis (f; FAY); Rheumatism (f; WO2); Scrofula (f; DAA); Sinusosis (f; AKT); Sore Throat (f; FAY); Stomachache (f; WO2); Swelling (f; FAY); Tinnitus (f; DAA); Tonsilosis (1; FAY); Tuberculosis (1; DAA); VD (f; WO2); Vertigo (1; FAY); Virus (1; AKT); Wound (f; DAA). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PH2). Unfortunately, Tillotson has mixed feverfew in with the mums, such that I don’t know to which he means his warning to apply, “Should not be used during pregnancy as it is a uterine stimulant. ...Some scientists voice concern about potential allergic reactions or cross reactivity with blood thinning agents such as warfarin or Ticlopidine†(AKT). Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PH2). Unfortunately, Tillotson has mixed feverfew in with the mums, such that I don’t know to which he means his warning to apply, “Should not be used during pregnancy as it is a uterine stimulant. ...Some scientists voice concern about potential allergic reactions or cross reactivity with blood thinning agents such as warfarin or Ticlopidine†(AKT). |
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| CILANTRO | Eryngium foetidum | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Abortifacient (f; JFM); Analgesic (1; TRA); Antibacterial (1; TRA); Anticonvulsant (1; TAD); Antiplasmodial (1; TRA); Antipyretic (1; TRA); Antiseptic (1; TRA); Antispasmodic (1; TRA); Antiviral (1; TRA); Aperitif (f; JFM); Aphrodisiac (f; JFM); Carminative (1; DAV; FNF); Diaphoretic (f; JFM); Emmenagogue (f; HHB; JFM); Expectorant (1; TRA); Fungicide (1; TRA); Hemostat (f; JFM); Hypotensive (1; JFM; TRA); Laxative (f; JFM); Pectoral (f; DAV); Stimulant (f; HHB; JFM); Vermifuge (f; JFM). Indications: Anemia (f; MPG); Anorexia (f; JFM); Arthrosis (f; DAV; MPG); Asthma (f; IED; MPG); Bacteria (1; TRA); Biliousness (f; JFM); Bleeding (f; JFM); Bronchosis (f; DAV); Cardiopathy (f; IED; MPG); Catarrh (f; IED); Cold (f; DAV; JFM); Colic (f; DAV); Constipation (f; JFM); Convulsion (1; JFM; TAD); Cough (f; DAV; JFM); Cramp (1; TRA); Debility (f; MPG); Diabetes (f; JFM; MPG); Diarrhea (f; DAV); Fever (1; DAV; JFM; TRA); Fits (f; JFM); Flu (f; DAV; JFM); Fungus (1; TRA); Gas (1; DAV; FNF; JFM); High Blood Pressure (f; DAV; IED; JFM; MPG; TRA); High Cholesterol (f; MPG); Infection (1; TRA); Insomnia (f; DAV); Malaria (1; TRA); Mycosis (1; TRA); Nausea (f; DAV; TRA); Obesity (f; MPG); Otosis (f; MPG; TRA); Pain (1; TRA); Parasite (f; IED); Pneumonia (f; DAV); Rheumatism (f; DAV; JFM); Snakebite (f; HHB; JFM); Stomachache (f; DAV; MPG); Syncope (f; JFM); Tumor (f; DAV; JLH); Virus (1; TRA); Water Retention (f; HHB); Worm (f; IED; JFM); Yellow Fever (f; JFM). Dosage: Not covered (AHP). The emmenagogue folklore might suggest caution for use, if at all, by pregnant women. Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). The emmenagogue folklore might suggest caution for use, if at all, by pregnant women. |
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| CINCHONA, QUININE, REDBARK | Cinchona pubescens | |
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Synonyms: C. succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch. Actions: Abortifacient (1; FEL; WO2); Analgesic (1; CRC; PNC; WO2); Anesthetic (f; CRC); Anthelminthic (1; FNF; JAD); Antiarrhythmic (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antiinflammatory (f; HAD); Antimalarial (1; CRC; PNC); Antiperiodic (f; CRC); Antipyretic (1; CRC; FNF; JAD); Antiseptic (1; CRC; FNF; MPI); Antitumor (1; JFM); Aperitif (2; HHB; KOM); Astringent (1; CRC; FNF; HHB); Bitter (2; CRC; JAD; SHT); Cardiodepressant (1; PNC; WO2); Cardiotonic (1; 60P); CNS-Depressant (1; WO2); Contraceptive (f; CRC); Dentifrice (f; CRC); Digestive (f; 60P); Gastrostimulant (2; KOM); Hypoglycemic (1; WO2); Hypotensive (1; WO2); Insecticide (f; CRC); Oxytocic (1; CRC; WO2); Schizonticide (f; CRC); Sialagogue (2; KOM; PH2); Stimulant (f; WO2); Stomachic (f; CRC; HHB); Teratogenic (1; WO2); Tonic (f; CRC; 60P); Uterotonic (f; CRC). Indications: Adenopathy (f; CRC; JLH); Ague (f; FEL); Alcoholism (1; PH2); Allergy (f; FEL; MPI); Alopecia (f; CRC); Amebiasis (f; CRC; WO2); Anemia (f; FEL; HHB; PH2); Anorexia (2; HHB; KOM; PHR; PH2); Arrhythmia (1; CRC; WO2); Arthrosis (f; 60P); Asthma (f; HHB); Bacteria (1; WO2); Bleeding (1; HHB); Cachexia (f; FEL); Cancer (1; CRC; JFM; JLH; PHR; PH2); Cancer, breast (f; CRC); Cancer, gland (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC); Cancer, mesentery (f; CRC); Cancer, spleen (f; CRC); Carcinomata (f; CRC); Cardiopathy (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; MPI); Childbirth (f; FEL); Chill (f; 60P); Chlorosis (f; FEL); Cold (1; CRC; PNC; 60P); Conjunctivosis (f; FEL); Cough (f; WO2); Cramp (1; CRC; PH2; PNC; 60P); Debility (f; FEL; GMH; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diabetes (1; WO2); Diarrhea (f; CRC; PH2; 60P); Diphtheria (f; FEL); Dysentery (1; CRC; MPI; WO2); Dyspepsia (2; FEL; KOM; PHR; PH2; 60P); Elephantiasis (f; WO2); Erysipelas (f; FEL); Felon (f; CRC; JLH); Fever (1; CRC; FNF; JAD; PH2); Flu (1; CRC; PH2; PNC; WO2); Gas (2; PHR; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PHR); Gonorrhea (f; FEL); Hangover (f; CRC); Headache (f; FEL; WO2); Heart (1; MPG); Heatstroke (f; FEL); Hemicrania (f; MPI); Hemorrhoid (1; CRC; WO2); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hiccup (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; WO2); Hydrocele (f; CRC); Hyperglycemia (1; WO2); Infection (1; MPI); Inflammation (f; HAD; PH2); Lumbago (f; CRC); Malaria (2; CRC; FNF; PHR; PH2; PNC; 60P); Metastasis (f; JLH); Myalgia (f; FEL); Myotonia (1; WO2);Neuralgia (f; CRC; FEL; HHB; MPI; PH2); Neurosis (f; CRC; PH2); Pain (1; CRC; FEL; PH2; PNC; WO2); Palpitation (1; MPG); Pertussis (f; CRC; HHB; MPI); Pinworm (f; CRC; WO2); Pneumonia (f; FEL; CRC; MPI); Pyemia (f; MPI); Rash (f; PH2); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; FEL; MPI); Rhinosis (f; MPI); Sciatica (f; CRC; PH2); Septicemia (f; CRC); Sore (f; JLH; PHR; PH2); Sore Throat (f; CRC; MPI); Splenomegaly (f; PHR; PH2); Splenosis (f; JLH; MPI); Stomatosis (f; CRC); Tachycardia (1; 60P); Tonsilosis (1; MPI); Trachoma (f; FEL); Tumor (1; CRC; JFM); Typhoid (f; CRC; FEL); Ulcer (f; JLH); Varicosis (f; CRC; WO2); Wen (f; JLH); Wound (f; PHR; PH2). Dosage: Commission E reports contraindications; pregnancy and hypersensitivity; adverse effects: allergic reactions, rarely thrombocytopenia; and interaction: potentiation of coumarin derivatives. Other sources report contraindication for GI-ulcer, adverse effects for allergic skin reactions and fever. Overdosing or prolonged use may produce toxic effects (AEH). 8–20 g quinine may be fatal in humans (WO2). Contraindications: Commission E reports contraindications; pregnancy and hypersensitivity; adverse effects: allergic reactions, rarely thrombocytopenia; and interaction: potentiation of coumarin derivatives. Other sources report contraindication for GI-ulcer, adverse effects for allergic skin reactions and fever. Overdosing or prolonged use may produce toxic effects (AEH). 8–20 g quinine may be fatal in humans (WO2). |
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| CINNAMON | Cinnamomum verum | |
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Synonyms: C. zeylanicum Blume, Laurus cinnamomum L. Actions: Allergenic (1; APA); Analgesic (1; APA; CAN; ZUL); Anesthetic (1; APA; CAN; TRA; ZUL); Antibacterial (2; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO); Antidiarrheal (1; CAN; TRA); Antiemetic (1; WO2); Antihistaminic (1; WHO); Antileukemic (1; TRA; WO2); Antilymphomic (1; WO2); Antioxidant (1; CRC); Antiprostaglandin (1; TRA); Antipyretic (1; CAN; CRC; TRA); Antiseptic (1; APA; CAN; CRC; TRA; WO2; ZUL); Antispasmodic (1; CAN; MPI; TRA; WHO; ZUL); Antiulcer (1; APA; WHO); Antiviral (1; APA; BGB; CAN; TRA); Aperitif (f; CAN); Aromatic (f; CRC); Astringent (1; CAN; TRA; ZUL); Candidicide (1; APA; CAN; WO2); Carminative (1; APA; CAN; TRA; WHO); Choleretic (1; APA); Cordial (f; CRC); Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor (f; ZUL); Cytotoxic (1; CAN; TRA); Depurative (f; APA); Diaphoretic (f; AHP); Emollient (f; JLH); Estrogenic (1; PHR; PH2); Expectorant (1; WO2); Fungicide (1; CRC; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO); Hemostat (f; MPI); Hypotensive (1; ZUL); Insectifuge (1; TRA); Insecticide (1; PHR; PH2; WO2); Larvicide (1; APA; BGB; CAN; TRA); Lipolytic (1; APA; BGB; LAF; TRA; WO2); Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor (f; ZUL); Mutagenic (1; TRA; WHO; WO2); Myorelaxant (1; TRA; WHO); Nematicide (1; TRA); Neurotonic (f; MPI); Sedative (f; CRC); Sialagogue (1; APA); Stimulant (f; CRC; WO2); Stomachic (f; AHP; MPI); Teratogenic (1; WHO); Tonic (f; IED); Uterorelaxant (f; APA); Uterotonic (f; APA); Vibriocide (1; WO2). Indications: Amenorrhea (1; CRC; WHO; WO2); Amnesia (f; ZUL); Anorexia (2; CAN; KOM; PH2; WHO); Arthrosis (f; CRC); Asthenia (1; BGB); Asthma (f; CRC); Bacteria (2; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO; WO2); Bleeding (1; APA; MPI); Bloating (1; BGB); Bronchosis (2; CRC; PHR); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, diaphragm (f; JLH); Cancer, ear (f; JLH); Cancer, gum (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cancer, neck (f; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f; JLH; WO2); Cancer, sinus (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, vagina (f; JLH); Candida (1; APA; CAN; CRC; WO2); Chill (f; PHR; PH2); Cholera (1; CRC; WO2); Cold (2; CAN; PHR; ZUL); Colic (1; APA; CAN; TRA); Condylomata (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; WHO); Cough (2; CRC; PHR); Cramp (1; APA; CAN; DEP; MPI; TRA; WHO; ZUL); Diarrhea (1; DEP; PHR; TRA; WHO); Dysentery (f; CRC; DEP; WO2); Dysmenorrhea (1; APA; WHO); Dyspepsia (2; CAN; IED; KOM; PH2; WHO); Dyspnea (f; WHO); Enterosis (1; JLH; WHO); Enterospasm (2; KOM; WHO); Escherichia (1; CRC); Fever (2; AHP; CAN; CRC; PHR; TRA); Fistula (f; CRC); Flu (f; PHR; PH2); Frigidity (f; WHO); Fungus (1; CRC; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO); Gas (2; APA; CAN; DEP; KOM; TRA; WHO); Gastrosis (f; DEP; WO2); Gastrospasm (2; KOM); Gingivosis (f; JLH); Halitosis (f; PH2); Headache (1; DEP; WO2; ZUL); Heart (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; JLH); High Blood Pressure (1; ZUL); Impotence (f; WHO); Infection (2; CRC; KOM; PHR; PH2; TRA; WHO; WO2); Insomnia (f; CRC); Leukemia (1; TRA; WO2); Leukorrhea (f; WHO); Lumbago (f; CRC); Lung (f; CRC); Lymphoma (1; WO2); Mastosis (f; JLH); Menorrhagia (f; CRC); Mycosis (1; CRC; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO; ZUL); Nausea (f; CRC; TRA; ZUL); Nephrosis (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; DEP; WHO; WO2); Pain (1; APA; CAN; TRA; WHO; WO2; ZUL); Paralysis (f; DEP; WO2); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Phthisis (f; CRC); Phymata (f; JLH); Proctosis (f; JLH); Prolapse (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; CRC); Psoriasis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; APA; WHO; WO2; ZUL); Salmonella (1; WO2); Sinusosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; JLH); Spasm (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; CRC); Stomatosis (2; CRC; DEP; JLH; PHR; WO2); Syncope (f; WO2); Toothache (f; DEP; PH2; WHO); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); Ulcer (1; APA; WHO); Vaginosis (f; CRC; JLH; WHO); Virus (1; APA; BGB; CAN; TRA); Vomiting (1; CRC; PH2; WO2); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Wen (f; JLH); Worm (f; PHR; PH2); Wound (f; PHR; PH2; WHO); Yeast (1; APA; CAN; WO2). Dosage: Class 2b, 2d. “Not for long-term use; do not exceed recommended dose (2–4 g bark/day; 50–200 mg EO/day). May overstimulate the vasomotor center†(AHP). Commission E reports bark contraindications: hypersensitivity to cinnamon or Peruvian balsam; and adverse effects: often allergic reactions of skin and mucosae. TRAMIL warns against continued use because of mutagenicity (TRA). Extracts and cinnamaldehyde reported mutagenic in some studies, nonmutagenic in others. Other sources report contraindications: GI-ulcer and pregnancy (AEH). CAN cautions that the cinnamaldehyde in the volatile oil is allergenic and irritant. The allergenic oil should not be taken internally (CAN). “No known problems with the use of cinnamon during pregnancy and lactation, provided that doses do not greatly exceed the amounts used in foods. “May cause some people to break out in a rash†(Castleman, 1996). High doses caused vomiting in experiments with dogs, corresponding with reported side effects in humans. Cinnamaldehyde, 5% in petrolatum, is a skin irritant. Prolonged contact with cinnamon oil on skin may cause burns. Cinnamaldehyde in cosmetics or perfumes may cause allergic reactions. Allergic reactions (i.e., swollen lips or tongue, itching, burning sensation, blistering of the oral mucosa, and urticaria) reported from contact with ointments, toothpaste, mouthwash, or foods containing cinnamon oil or cinnamaldehyde (AEH1). Cinnamic aldehyde in perfumes can cause dermatosis. In toothpaste, it can cause sensitivity (DAD). Sensitized and sensitive justifiable chemophobes may develop dermatosis using mouthwash, perfume, soap, or toothpaste flavored with camphor, cassia, or cinnamon (FNF; RIN). May reduce activity of tetracycline (WHO). Following ingestion of cinnamon, contact dermatosis may flare up. Eugenol has been reported to be irritant and a weak tumor promoter. EO LD50 690 mg/kg der (CAN). Perhaps second only to some varieties of clove (up to 20% eugenol), cinnamon (to 3.8%) is a major source of eugenol. Contraindications: Class 2b, 2d. “Not for long-term use; do not exceed recommended dose (2–4 g bark/day; 50–200 mg EO/day). May overstimulate the vasomotor center†(AHP). Commission E reports bark contraindications: hypersensitivity to cinnamon or Peruvian balsam; and adverse effects: often allergic reactions of skin and mucosae. TRAMIL warns against continued use because of mutagenicity (TRA). Extracts and cinnamaldehyde reported mutagenic in some studies, nonmutagenic in others. Other sources report contraindications: GI-ulcer and pregnancy (AEH). CAN cautions that the cinnamaldehyde in the volatile oil is allergenic and irritant. The allergenic oil should not be taken internally (CAN). “No known problems with the use of cinnamon during pregnancy and lactation, provided that doses do not greatly exceed the amounts used in foods. “May cause some people to break out in a rash†(Castleman, 1996). High doses caused vomiting in experiments with dogs, corresponding with reported side effects in humans. Cinnamaldehyde, 5% in petrolatum, is a skin irritant. Prolonged contact with cinnamon oil on skin may cause burns. Cinnamaldehyde in cosmetics or perfumes may cause allergic reactions. Allergic reactions (i.e., swollen lips or tongue, itching, burning sensation, blistering of the oral mucosa, and urticaria) reported from contact with ointments, toothpaste, mouthwash, or foods containing cinnamon oil or cinnamaldehyde (AEH1). Cinnamic aldehyde in perfumes can cause dermatosis. In toothpaste, it can cause sensitivity (DAD). Sensitized and sensitive justifiable chemophobes may develop dermatosis using mouthwash, perfume, soap, or toothpaste flavored with camphor, cassia, or cinnamon (FNF; RIN). May reduce activity of tetracycline (WHO). Following ingestion of cinnamon, contact dermatosis may flare up. Eugenol has been reported to be irritant and a weak tumor promoter. EO LD50 690 mg/kg der (CAN). Perhaps second only to some varieties of clove (up to 20% eugenol), cinnamon (to 3.8%) is a major source of eugenol. |
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| CINNAMON-VINE, CHINESE YAM | Dioscorea batatas | |
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Synonyms: Dioscorea opposita auct. Actions: Antioxidant (1; PR14:250); Antiradicular (1; PR14:250); Nootropic (f; X10925408). Indications: Asthma (f; DAA); Bite (f; DAA); Cachexia (f; DAA); Cough (f; DAA); Debility (f; DAA); Diarrhea (f; DAA); Dyspepsia (f; DAA); Dysuria (f; DAA); Enterosis (f; DAA); Enuresis (f; DAA); Hypertonia (f; DAA); Leukorrhea (f; DAA); Neurasthenia (f; DAA); Night Sweats (f; DAA); Polyuria (f; DAA); Snakebite (f; DAA); Spermatorrhea (f; DAA); Sting (f; DAA). Dosage: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). None found. Contraindications: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). None found. |
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| CLARY | Salvia sclarea | |
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Synonyms: S. sclarea var. turkestaniana Mottet Actions: Analgesic (1; TAD); Antibacterial (f; HH2); Antidiaphoretic (f; EFS); Antiinflammatory (1; TAD); Antiseptic (f; CRC; EFS; HH2); Antispasmodic (f; CRC); Astringent (f; CRC; EFS); Balsamic (f; CRC); Digestive (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; EFS); Stimulant (f; CRC; EFS); Stomachic (f; CRC; EFS). Indications: Bacteria (f; HH2); Cancer (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; CRC; EFS; HH2); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Cramp (f; CRC; HH2); Debility (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; HH2); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Felon (f; CRC; JLH); Gas (f; HHB); Headache (f; CRC; HH2); Infection (1; HH2); Inflammation (1; TAD); Kidney Stone (f; CRC); Nephrosis (f; CRC; HH2); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (1; TAD); Swelling (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; CRC). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PHR; PH2). LD50 EO = >5000–5600 mg/kg orl rat (HH2); LD50 EO = >520–550 mg/kg ipr mouse (HH2); LD50 EO = 740 mg/kg ipr rat (HH2); 2000–>5000 mg/kg dml dog (HH2). Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PHR; PH2). LD50 EO = >5000–5600 mg/kg orl rat (HH2); LD50 EO = >520–550 mg/kg ipr mouse (HH2); LD50 EO = 740 mg/kg ipr rat (HH2); 2000–>5000 mg/kg dml dog (HH2). |
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| CLEAVERS | Galium aparine | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Alterative (f; DAA; EFS; PNC); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antidyscratic (f; MAD); Antiinflammatory (1; FAD); Antipyretic (f; DAA); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Aperient (f; DAA; EFS; PNC; SKJ); Astringent (1; APA; DAA; PNC); Demulcent (1; WAM); Depurative (1; DAA; EFS; WAM); Diaphoretic (f; DAA); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; DAA; FAD); Emetic (f; DEM); Emmenagogue (f; MAD); Hemostat (f; DAA; MAD); Hypotensive (1; DAA; FAD); Immunostimulant (1; WAM); Laxative (1; APA; DEM; PNC); Larvicide (1; APA); Litholytic (f; PH2); Lymph Tonic (1; WAM); Poison (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DAA; DEM; PNC). Indications: Adenopathy (f; APA; CAN; DAA; MAD); Ague (f; CEB); Amenorrhea (f; MAD); Ascites (f; MAD); Bacteria (1; APA); Bleeding (1; APA; DAA; DEM; MAD; PH2); Bite (f; CEB); Burn (1; APA); Calculus (f; PH2); Cancer (f; APA; DAA; MAD); Cancer, breast (f; CEB; JLH); Cancer, gland (f; DAA); Cancer, skin (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; DAA; JLH); Cancer, tongue (f; DAA; MAD); Catarrh (f; HH2; PH2); Cholecystosis (f; HH2); Constipation (1; APA; DEM; PNC); Cramp (f; DAA; EFS); Cystosis (1; APA; PH2; PNC; WAM); Dermatosis (1; APA; EFS; HH2; JLH); Dropsy (f; MAD; PH2); Dysuria (f; MAD; PH2; CAN); Eczema (f; MAD); Enuresis (f; CEB); Epilepsy (f; CEB; MAD); Epistaxis (f; CEB); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; APA; DAA; TOM); Freckle (f; CEB; DAA); Gastrosis (1; WAM); Gonorrhea (f; DEM; MAD); Gout (f; CEB; TOM); Gravel (f; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; DEM); Hepatoma (f; DAA); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; FAD); Hysteria (f; CEB); Immunodepression (1; WAM); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (1; FAD); Ischuria (1; PH2); Itch (f; DEM); Jaundice (f; APA; DAA; MAD); Kernel (f; DAA; JLH); Kidney Stone (f; APA); Leprosy (f; MAD); Leukemia (f; DAA); Lichen (f; MAD); Lithiasis (f; PH2); Lymphadenosis (f; CAN); Mastosis (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; APA; DAA; DEM; HH2); Obesity (f; DAA; DEM; TOM); Otosis (f; MAD); Phthisis (f; MAD); Poison Ivy (f; DEM); Psoriasis (f; APA; CAN; MAD); Scarlet Fever (f; CEB); Scrofula (f; MAD); Smallpox (f; CEB); Sore (f; APA; MAD); Stomatosis (f; MAD); Stone (f; HH2; MAD; PH2); Swelling (f; MAD); Tonsilosis (1; WAM); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Ulcer (f; APA); UTI (1; APA); VD (1; APA; MAD); Water Retention (1; APA; CAN; DAA; FAD; PH2); Wen (f; JLH); Wound (f; APA); Yeast (1; APA). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). None known (WAM). Diabetics should use the expressed juice only with caution. Excessive use of cleavers should be avoided, especially during pregnancy (CAN). Lower arterial blood pressure in canines with no slowing of heart and no toxic effects. Like other iridoids, asperuloside is a mild laxative (PNC). It can be converted to prostanoid intermediates. I was surprised to find harmine, 1-hydroxydesoxypeganin, 8-hydroxy-2,3-dehydrodesoxypeganin, and protopine listed for this plant by the Herbal PDR (Gruenwald, et al., 2000). I am reluctant to enter them in my database without checking their original sources. Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). None known (WAM). Diabetics should use the expressed juice only with caution. Excessive use of cleavers should be avoided, especially during pregnancy (CAN). Lower arterial blood pressure in canines with no slowing of heart and no toxic effects. Like other iridoids, asperuloside is a mild laxative (PNC). It can be converted to prostanoid intermediates. I was surprised to find harmine, 1-hydroxydesoxypeganin, 8-hydroxy-2,3-dehydrodesoxypeganin, and protopine listed for this plant by the Herbal PDR (Gruenwald, et al., 2000). I am reluctant to enter them in my database without checking their original sources. |
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| CLEMATIS | Clematis recta | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Diaphoretic (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB); Fungicide (1; HHB); Irritant (1; EFS); Laxative (f; EFS); Rubefacient (f; EFS); Vesicant (1; EFS; HHB); Vulnerary (f; PH2). Indications: Adenopathy (f; HHB); Arthrosis (f; HHB); Blister (f; PH2); Blood (f; EFS); Catarrh (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; HHB); Eczema (f; HHB); Edema (f; HHB); Fever (f; EFS); Fungus (1; HHB); Gonorrhea (f; HHB); Gout (f; HHB); Headache (f; PH2); Infection (1; HHB); Mycosis (1; HHB); Nephrosis (f; EFS); Osteosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; HHB); Prostatosis (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; HHB); Scrofula (f; EFS); Sore (f; PH2); Swelling (f; HHB); Syphilis (f; HHB); Varicosis (f; PH2); VD (f; HHB); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB). Dosage: Not covered (AHP). Hazards and/or side effects not known for therapeutic dosages of the dehydrated drug (PH2). Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quantities of protoanemonine-forming plants has been Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). Hazards and/or side effects not known for therapeutic dosages of the dehydrated drug (PH2). Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quantities of protoanemonine-forming plants has been |
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| CLIMBING POTATO | Bowiea volubilis | |
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Synonyms: Ophiobostryx volubilis (Harv. ex Hook. f.) Skeels. Actions: Cardiotonic (1; CRC; VVG; WBB); Collyrium (f; CRC); Emetic (f; VAG; WBB); Irritant (f; WBB); Laxative (f; VVG; WBB); Philtre (f; WBB); Poison (1; CRC); Rodenticide (1; WBB). Indications: Ascites (f; CRC; WBB); Conjunctivosis (f; VAG; WBB); Constipation (f; CRC); Cystosis (f; VAG); Dropsy (f; CRC); Edema (f; VVG); Headache (f; VAG); Infertility (f; CRC; VVG; WBB); VD (f; WBB). Dosage: Human fatalities reported (VAG); African medicine men have killed patients with overdoses. Vomiting and purgation were followed by death in 3 hours to 3 days. But death can occasionally occur in minutes (CRC). Internal use may cause fatality (ZUL). One-half ounce bulb fatal to sheep (WBB). Tuber 30 times digitalis, flower 60 times, so don’t eat this flower. 2 g flower = 1 g pure digitoxin. MLD bulb alkaloid 0.28 ppm gastric intubation in cats (WBB). Contraindications: Human fatalities reported (VAG); African medicine men have killed patients with overdoses. Vomiting and purgation were followed by death in 3 hours to 3 days. But death can occasionally occur in minutes (CRC). Internal use may cause fatality (ZUL). One-half ounce bulb fatal to sheep (WBB). Tuber 30 times digitalis, flower 60 times, so don’t eat this flower. 2 g flower = 1 g pure digitoxin. MLD bulb alkaloid 0.28 ppm gastric intubation in cats (WBB). |
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| CLOVES | Syzygium aromaticum | |
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Synonyms: Caryophyllus aromaticus L., Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill., E. caryophyllata Thunb., E. caryophyllus (Spreng.) Bullock & S. G. Harrison. Actions: Analgesic (2; APA; CAN; PHR; PH2; PIP; WAM); Anesthetic (1; CRC; HH2; KOM; PH2; TRA); Anthelminthic (1; PNC); Antiaggregant (1; DAD; TRA); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antibacterial (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Anticancer (1; APA); Anticonvulsant (1; TRA); Antidote (f; CRC); Antiemetic (f; CAN; HH2); Antiherpetic (1; HH2; TRA); Antihistaminic (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; COX; FNF); Antimutagenic (1; X7753104); Antinitrosating (1; X7753104); Antioxidant (1; APA); Antiperspirant (f; CRC); Antiseptic (1; APA; CRC; HHB; KOM; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; HH2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Antiviral (1; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Candidicide (1; APA; TRA); Carminative (1;CAN; CRC); Counterirritant (1; CAN); Deodorant (f; CRC); Digestive (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Fungicide (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Insectifuge (1; CRC; WOI); Larvicide (1; APA); Parasympaticolytic (1; TRA); Peristaltic (f; CRC); Rubefacient (f; CRC); Stimulant (1; CRC; FNF); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Tranquilizer (1; TRA); Trichomonicide (1; HH2); Trypsin-Potentiator (1; CAN); Vasodilator (1; TRA); Vermifuge (f; CRC) Indications: Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Anorexia (f; PH2); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF); Aspergillus (1; HH2); Athlete’s Foot (15% tincture in 70% alcohol) (2; CAN); Bacteria (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Bronchosis (2; PHR); Bug Bite (1; APA); Bunion (1, TGP); Callus (f; CRC); Cancer (1; APA; COX; FNF; X7753104); Candida (1; APA; HH2; TRA); Caries (f; CRC); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cholera (f; CRC); Cold (2; PHR; PH2); Colic (1; CAN; PH2); Convulsion (1; TRA); Cough (2; PHR); Cramp (1; HH2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Dermatosis (1; APA); Diarrhea (1; APA; CRC; HH2); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; HH2); Enterosis (f; CRC); Escherichia (1; HH2); Fever (2; PHR); Fungus (1; CRC; HH2; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Gas (1; CAN; CRC; HH2; PH2); Gastrosis (f; CRC; PH2); Gingivosis (1; APA); Halitosis (1, LMP; PH2; TGP); Headache (1; HH2; PH2); Heart (f; CRC); Hernia (f; CRC); Herpes (1; HH2; TRA); Hiccup (f; CRC); Infection (2; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP; TRA); Infertility (f; CRC); Inflammation (2; COX; FNF; KOM); Maculosis (1, TGP); Mucososis (1; APA); Myalgia (f; HH2); Mycosis (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Nausea (f; CRC); Nervousness (1; TRA); Ophthalmia (f; PH2); Pain (2; APA; CAN; CRC; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP; TRA; WAM); Pharyngosis (2; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP); Phthisis (f; CRC); Polyp (f; CRC); Retinosis (1, TGP); Rhinosis (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Sore Throat (PIP); Spasm (f; CRC); Staphylococcus (1; HH2); Stomatosis (2; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP); Teething (1; WAM); Toothache (2; APA; CAN; HH2; PH2; TRA); Trichomonas (1; HH2); Ulcer (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; CRC); Vaginosis (1; APA; HH2); Virus (1; APA; CRC; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Vomiting (f; CAN; HH2); Wart (f; CRC); Worm (f; CRC); Wound (1; APA; CRC); Yeast (1; APA; HH2; TRA). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). CAN reports the eugenol in the volatile oil to be an irritant. The oil is a dermal and mucous irritant, sometimes causing cheilitis, dermatosis, and stomatosis. NO undiluted oil on infants’ gums or throat (Dilution: 2–4 drops oil to 1 tsp almond, safflower, or canola oil) (WAM). May interfere with anticoagulant therapy. “There are no known problems with the use of clove during pregnancy and lactation, provided that doses do not greatly exceed the amounts used in foods†(CAN). Clove bud oil is reported to have an oral LD50 of 2650 mg/kg body weight in rats (equaling that of the major ingredient, eugenol, which sensitizes some people, causing contact dermatosis) (DAD). EO LD50 = 2650 mg/kg orl rat (CRC). Major source of the COX-2 inhibitor, oleanolic acid, with clove up to 2% (COX). As the best source of eugenol, clove (up to 20% eugenol) may share many of its reported biological activities. Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). CAN reports the eugenol in the volatile oil to be an irritant. The oil is a dermal and mucous irritant, sometimes causing cheilitis, dermatosis, and stomatosis. NO undiluted oil on infants’ gums or throat (Dilution: 2–4 drops oil to 1 tsp almond, safflower, or canola oil) (WAM). May interfere with anticoagulant therapy. “There are no known problems with the use of clove during pregnancy and lactation, provided that doses do not greatly exceed the amounts used in foods†(CAN). Clove bud oil is reported to have an oral LD50 of 2650 mg/kg body weight in rats (equaling that of the major ingredient, eugenol, which sensitizes some people, causing contact dermatosis) (DAD). EO LD50 = 2650 mg/kg orl rat (CRC). Major source of the COX-2 inhibitor, oleanolic acid, with clove up to 2% (COX). As the best source of eugenol, clove (up to 20% eugenol) may share many of its reported biological activities. |
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