| English Name | Botanical Name | More Info |
|---|---|---|
| ETHIOPIAN PEPPER | Xylopia aethiopica | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Abortifacient (f; UPW); Anthelminthic (f; UPW); Antiseptic (f; UPW); Carminative (f; UPW); Counterirritant (f; UPW); Emetic (f; UPW); Emmenagogue (f; UPW); Laxative (f; UPW); Tonic (f; UPW). Indications: Amenorrhea (f; UPW); Asthma (f; UPW); Biliousness (f; UPW); Boil (f; UPW); Bronchosis (f; UPW); Cancer (f; JLH; UPW); Childbirth (f; UPW); Constipation (f; UPW); Convulsion (f; UPW); Cough (f; UPW); Dermatosis (f; UPW); Dysentery (f; UPW); Epilepsy (f; UPW); Gas (f; UPW); Headache (f; UPW); Infertility (f; UPW); Lumbago (f; UPW); Neuralgia (f; UPW); Pain (f; UPW); Pneumonia (f; UPW); Pyorrhea (f; UPW); Respirosis (f; UPW); Rheumatism (f; UPW); Rib Ache (f; UPW); Roundworm (f; UPW); Side Ache (f; UPW); Stomachache (f; UPW); Toothache (f; UPW); Worm (f; UPW). Dosage: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Fruit extracts slightly active against Gram-positive Mycobacterium phlei and Sarcinia lutea, but inactive against fungi tested and Staphylococcus (UPW). Contraindications: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Fruit extracts slightly active against Gram-positive Mycobacterium phlei and Sarcinia lutea, but inactive against fungi tested and Staphylococcus (UPW). |
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| EUCALYPTUS | Eucalyptus globulus | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Analgesic (1; TRA); Anesthetic (1; CRC); Anthelminthic (1; TRA); Antibacterial (1; BGB; TRA; WAM); Antidiabetic (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; PHR); Antiproliferative (1; PHR); Antipyretic (1; BGB; CAN; CRC); Antiseptic (1; APA; TRA; ZUL); Antispasmodic (1; KOM; PIP); Antitumor (1; APA); Antitussive (1; PH2); Antiviral (1; APA; JBU; PHR); Astringent (1; APA; WBB); Bronchodilator (1; WAM); Carminative (f; WBB); Decongestant (1; APA; VAG); Deodorant (1; PHR); Diuretic (1; PHR); Expectorant (2; PIP; TRA; WAM); Fungicide (1; JBU); Hyperemic (2; JFM; KOM); Hypoglycemic (1; HHB; PHR); Insecticide (f; CRC); Insectifuge (f; CRC); Memorigenic (1; APA); Rubefacient (f; CRC); Secretolytic (1; PHR); Secretomotoric (1; KOM; PIP); Sedative (1; TRA); Sialagogue (1; APA); Stimulant (1; CRC; JFM); Vermifuge (1; CRC; TRA; WBB). Indications: Acne (f; PHR); Anorexia (f; PHR); Arthrosis (1; APA; CRC); Asthma (2; IED; PHR; TRA); Bacteria (1; BGB; TRA; WAM); Boil (f; CRC); Bronchosis (2; JFM; PHR; TRA); Burn (f; CRC); Cancer (1; APA; CRC); Catarrh (2; KOM; PIP; TRA); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Cold (f; CRC; TRA; VAG; WBB); Congestion (1; APA; BGB; VAG); Cough (2; PHR; TRA; WAM; ZIM); Cramp (1; KOM; PIP); Croup (1; APA; WBB); Cystosis (f; CRC; JFM); Dermatosis (1; APA); Diabetes (1; APA; JFM; PHR; WBB); Diphtheria (f; WBB); Dysentery (1; APA; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; JFM); Enterosis (f; PHR); Fever (1; APA; BGB; CAN; CRC; JFM; PHR; WBB); Flu (2; PHR; TRA; VAG); Fungus (1; JBU); Gas (f; WBB); Gastrosis (f; CRC; JFM; PHR); Gingivosis (f; CRC; JFM; PHR); Headache (f; BGB); Hepatosis (f; CRC; JFM; PHR); Hoarseness (f; PHR); Hyperglycemia (1; HHB; PHR); Infection (1; APA; CRC; JBU); Inflammation (1; CRC; PHR); Insomnia (1; TRA); Laryngosis (f; CRC); Leprosy (f; CRC; WBB); Malaria (f; CRC; JFM; WBB); Measles (f; PHR); Miasma (f; CRC); Myalgia (1; APA); Mycosis (1; JBU); Nervousness(1; TRA); Neuralgia (f; PHR); Otosis (1; BGB); Pain (1; CRC; TRA); Pertussis (f; PHR); Pharyngosis (1; APA; BGB); Phthisis (f; CRC); Pulmonosis (1; CRC; JFM); Respirosis (2; KOM; PIP; TRA); Rheumatism (2 [EO topical]; JFM; KOM; PHR); Rhinosis (f; CRC); Ringworm (1; APA); Scarlet Fever (f; PHR); Sinusosis (1; PHR); Sore (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Sore Throat (1; APA; CRC); Spasm (f; CRC); Stomatosis (1; APA); Syncope (1; FNF); Tuberculosis (f; CRC); Tumor (1; APA); Vaginosis (f; CRC); Virus (1; APA; JBU; PHR); Water Retention (1; PHR); Worm (1; CRC; HHB; PHR; TRA; WBB); Wound (f; CRC). Dosage: Class 2d. Contraindicated in inflammatory diseases of the bile duct, GI tract, and liver. Do not use near nostrils of infants (AHP). CAN cautions that the oil can cause nausea and vomiting, and should not be taken internally during pregnancy or lactation. “Undiluted eucalyptus oil is toxic and should not be taken internally unless suitably diluted. A dose of 3.5 ml has proved fatal.†(CAN) Symptoms of poisoning include abdominal pain, bronchospasm, convulsions, cyanosis, delirium, dizziness, epigastric burning, myosis, muscular weakness, respiratory problems, spontaneous vomiting, tachypnea with severe respiratory depression, and a feeling of suffocation. May interfere with hypoglycemic therapy (CAN). Eucalyptus oil causes induction of the foreign-substance degrading enzyme system in the liver. This may weaken and/or shorten the activity of other medicinal agents; may cause diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting (PIP). CNS effects include diminution or loss of reflexes and depression of consciousness, possibly progressing to coma. Fatalities have been reported in adults ingesting as little as 4–5 ml eucalyptus oil; 30 ml will usually cause death (AEH1). Extracts (Eucalyptus) — In vivo, quercitrin and hyperoside have shown antiviral activity against influenza type A (CAN). Euglobulin reported to be antiinflammatory, antiproliferative, and to inhibit in vitro TPA-induced EBV-EA activity in animal studies (PHR). Cineole is antispasmodic, bactericide, fungicide, secretogogic, secretolytic, and rubefacient (SHT). Contraindications: Class 2d. Contraindicated in inflammatory diseases of the bile duct, GI tract, and liver. Do not use near nostrils of infants (AHP). CAN cautions that the oil can cause nausea and vomiting, and should not be taken internally during pregnancy or lactation. “Undiluted eucalyptus oil is toxic and should not be taken internally unless suitably diluted. A dose of 3.5 ml has proved fatal.†(CAN) Symptoms of poisoning include abdominal pain, bronchospasm, convulsions, cyanosis, delirium, dizziness, epigastric burning, myosis, muscular weakness, respiratory problems, spontaneous vomiting, tachypnea with severe respiratory depression, and a feeling of suffocation. May interfere with hypoglycemic therapy (CAN). Eucalyptus oil causes induction of the foreign-substance degrading enzyme system in the liver. This may weaken and/or shorten the activity of other medicinal agents; may cause diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting (PIP). CNS effects include diminution or loss of reflexes and depression of consciousness, possibly progressing to coma. Fatalities have been reported in adults ingesting as little as 4–5 ml eucalyptus oil; 30 ml will usually cause death (AEH1). Extracts (Eucalyptus) — In vivo, quercitrin and hyperoside have shown antiviral activity against influenza type A (CAN). Euglobulin reported to be antiinflammatory, antiproliferative, and to inhibit in vitro TPA-induced EBV-EA activity in animal studies (PHR). Cineole is antispasmodic, bactericide, fungicide, secretogogic, secretolytic, and rubefacient (SHT). |
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| EUPHORBIA | Chamaesyce hirta | |
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Synonyms: Euphorbia hirta L., E. pilulifera L. Actions: Amebicide (1; KAP); Anthelminthic (1; KAP); Anticancer (1; KAP); Antileukemic (1; KAP); Antipyretic (f; KAB); Astringent (f; KAB); Bronchodilator (f; KAB); Cardiodepressant (1; KAB); Emetic (1; KAB); Expectorant (f; KAP); Hemostat (f; KAB); Hypoglycemic (1; KAP); Lactagogue (f; DEP; KAB); Mastogenic (f; IED); Myorelaxant (1; KAP); Narcotic (f; DEP; KAB); Respiradepressant (1; KAB); Sedative (f; KAB). Indications: Adenopathy (f; KAB); Ameba (1; KAP); Aphtha (f; KAB); Arthrosis (f; DAV); Asthma (f; DEP; KAB; KAP); Bleeding (f; KAB); Boil (f; SKJ); Bronchosis (f; KAB; KAP); Cancer (1; JLH; KAP; MPI); Cold (f; KAP); Colic (f; KAB; MPI); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; DEP; KAB; KAP); Dermatosis (f; SKJ); Diarrhea (f; KAB); Dysentery (f; KAB; KAP); Edema (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; KAB); Fever (f; KAB); Fungus (f; SKJ); Gonorrhea (f; DEP); Hyperglycemia (1; KAP); Inflammation (f; KAB); Insomnia (f; KAB); Leukemia (1; KAP); Mucososis (f; KAB); Nephrosis (f; SKJ); Nervousness (f; KAB); Ophthalmia (f; KAB; JLH); Respirosis (f; KAB); Rheumatism (f; DAV); Ringworm (f; SKJ); Sore (f; KAB); Stomatosis (f; SKJ); Urogenitosis (f; KAB); VD (f; DEP); Vomiting (f; DEP; KAB); Wart (f; KAB; MPI); Worm (f; KAB); Wound (f; JLH). Dosage: Because of its effect on smooth muscle activity, in vitro, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Contraindications: Because of its effect on smooth muscle activity, in vitro, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). |
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| EUROPEAN ASH | Fraxinus excelsior | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Analgesic (1; PH2); Antibacterial (1; PNC); Antiinflammatory (1; PH2; PNC); Antioxidant (f; PH2); Antipyretic (f; PH2); c-AMP-Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor (1; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; HHB); Diuretic (1; HHB; PH2); Hypouricemic (f; HHB); Immunostimulant (1; PNC); Laxative (f; MAD; PH2); Phagocytotic (1; PNC); Tonic (f; PH2). Indications: Arthrosis (f; PH2; PNC); Bacteria (1; PNC); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; PH2); Cervisosis (f; MAD); Constipation (f; PH2); Cystosis (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; MAD); Escherichia (1; PNC); Fever (f; HHB; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gout (1; HHB; PH2); Hepatosis (f; MAD); Immunodepression (1; PNC); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (1; PH2; PNC); Jaundice (f; MAD); Pain (1; MAD; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HHB; PH2); Snakebite (f; PNC); Sore (f; PH2); Splenosis (f; MAD); Stone (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; MAD); Water Retention (1; HHB; PH2); Worm (f; PH2); Wound (f; PH2). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). |
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| EUROPEAN CORN MINT | Mentha arvensis | |
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Synonyms: M. austriaca Jacq., M. gentilis L. Actions: Analgesic (1; BGB; DEM); Antibacterial (2; KOM; PIP); Antiitch (1; BGB); Antipyretic (2; KOM; PIP); Antiseptic (1; BGB; PH2); Carminative (2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Cholagogue (2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Secretolytic (2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Stimulant (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DEM). Indications: Arthrosis (f; DEM; PH2); Asthma (f; PH2); Athlete’s Foot (1; BGB); Bacteria (2; KOM; PIP); Biliary Disease (f; PIP); Bronchosis (2; PHR; PH2); Burn (f; BGB); Cardiopathy (f; DEM; PHR; PH2); Caries (f; DEM); Catarrh (2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Cholecystosis (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Cold (2; DEM; FAD; PHR; PH2); Colic (2; DEM; FAD); Cough (2; DEM; PHR; PH2); Debility (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diarrhea (f; FAD; PH2); Dyspepsia (1; FAD; PH2); Dyspnea (f; PHR; PH2); Enterosis (2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Fever (2; DEM; FAD; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP); Flu (f; DEM); Gas (2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Gastrosis (2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Headache (1; BGB; DEM; FAD; PH2); Hepatosis (2; PHR; PH2); Infection (2; PHR; PH2); Inflammation (1; PH2); Itch (1; BGB); Myalgia (f; PHR; PH2; PIP); Nausea (f; BGB; DEM; LAF); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Neuralgia (f; PHR; PH2; PIP); Pain (2; BGB; DEM; PHR; PH2); Pharyngosis (2; PHR; PH2); Pneumonia (f; DEM); Poison Ivy (1; BGB); Respirosis (2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Sore Throat (1; FAD); Stomatosis (2; PHR; PH2); Sunburn (f; BGB); Swelling (f; DEM); Toothache (f; PH2). Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Contraindicated in biliary calculi, cholecocystosis, hepatosis, and occlusion of bile ducts. No drug-drug interactions or side effects noted (KOM; PIP). Use only in consultation with a physician (KOM). Do not place mint oils on the face of infants (KOM). Sensitive persons may experience gastric distress (KOM). Although Commission E approves it for gallbladder disorders, it is contraindicated for inflammation of the gallbladder. “Volatile oils containing menthol can worsen the spasms of bronchial asthma†(PH2). Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Contraindicated in biliary calculi, cholecocystosis, hepatosis, and occlusion of bile ducts. No drug-drug interactions or side effects noted (KOM; PIP). Use only in consultation with a physician (KOM). Do not place mint oils on the face of infants (KOM). Sensitive persons may experience gastric distress (KOM). Although Commission E approves it for gallbladder disorders, it is contraindicated for inflammation of the gallbladder. “Volatile oils containing menthol can worsen the spasms of bronchial asthma†(PH2). |
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| EUROPEAN ELDER | Sambucus nigra | |
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Synonyms: S. nigra f. alba (Weston) Rehder, f. aurea (Sweet) Schwer., f. lanciniata (L.) Zabel, and f. pendula Dippel. Actions: Alterative (f; PNC); Analgesic (f; MAD); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; BGB; PNC; SKY); Antipyretic (f; MAD); Antiviral (1; AKT; BGB; SHT; WAM); Bronchostimulant (2; BGB; KOM; PH2; PIP); Carminative (f; FAD); Depurative (f; EFS; SKJ); Diaphoretic (2; APA; BGB; EFS; PIP; WAM); Diuretic (1; APA; BGB; PNC; PH2); Emetic (f; EFS; FAD; SKJ); Emollient (f; MAD); Expectorant (1; APA; EFS; SHT); Lactagogue (f; PHR; PH2); Laxative (1; APA; EFS); Mucolytic (1; SHT); Phagocytotic (1; HH2); Secretagogue (2; KOM; PH2); Stimulant (f; APA); Stomachic (f; EFS). Indications: Arthrosis (f; APA; MAD); Asthma (f; SKJ); Boil (f; FAD); Bronchosis (2; MAD; PHR; PH2); Bruise (f; FAD); Burn (f; CEB); Cancer (f; CEB); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, prepuce (f; JLH); Cancer, skin (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Catarrh (1; BGB; MAD; SHT); Chill (f; APA); Cold (2; APA; KOM; PH2; PNC; WAM); Condyloma (f; JLH); Constipation (1; APA; EFS; HH2); Cough (2; PHR; PH2); Cramp (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; CEB; JLH); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dyslactea (f; HH2); Dyspnea (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Eczema (f; FAD); Edema (f; JLH; MAD; PHR); Epilepsy (f; FEL; MAD); Erysipelas (f; CEB); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (2; APA; BGB; EFS; MAD; PHR; PH2; PIP; WAM); Flu (1; AKT; APA; BGB; PH2; PNC; WAM); Gas (f; FAD); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Gout (f; SKJ); Headache (f; FAD); Head Cold (1; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (f; JLH; MAD); Herpes (1; SKY); Hoarseness (f; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (1; AKT; APA; BGB; PHR; PH2; PNC; SKY); Influenza (1; SHT); Ischiosis (f; MAD); Laryngosis (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Myalgia (f; MAD); Neuralgia (f; MAD; SKJ); Neurosis (f; HH2); Nightmare (f; MAD); Nipple (f; CEB); Obesity (f; APA; CEB); Otosis (f; MAD); Pain (f; FAD; MAD); Pneumonia (f; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; MAD); Respirosis (1; AKT; PH2); Rheumatism (f; APA; MAD; SKJ); Scabies (f; MAD); Scarlet Fever (f; MAD); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; MAD); Sinusosis (1; AKT; SHT); Sore (f; FAD); Sore Throat (1; AKT; CEB; SKY); Splenosis (f; JLH; MAD); Stomatosis (f; CEB); Swelling (f; FAD; PH2); Toothache (f; MAD); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; AKT; BGB; SHT; WAM); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (1; APA; BGB; MAD; PNC; PH2); Wen (f; JLH); Worm (f; CEB). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). None reported (KOM; PIP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Raw unripe fruits and other parts contain the cyanogenic sambunigrin, which in excess, can cause diarrhea and/or vomiting. Excessive use of diuretics may result in hypokalemia. If antineuraminidase activity of berry extracts can be confirmed, this might be viewed as a potential competitor for the new 1999 drug Relenzaâ„¢. The berry extracts have long been recommended for flu. Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). None reported (KOM; PIP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Raw unripe fruits and other parts contain the cyanogenic sambunigrin, which in excess, can cause diarrhea and/or vomiting. Excessive use of diuretics may result in hypokalemia. If antineuraminidase activity of berry extracts can be confirmed, this might be viewed as a potential competitor for the new 1999 drug Relenzaâ„¢. The berry extracts have long been recommended for flu. |
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| EUROPEAN FIVE-FINGER, CINQUEFOIL | Potentilla reptans | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Antipyretic (f; WOI); Astringent (1; PH2; WOI); Depurative (f; WOI); Hemostat (f; CEB; JLH); Tonic (f; CEB); Vulnerary (1; PH2). Indications: Acrochordon (f; JLH); Ague (f; CEB); Bladder Stone (f; HHB); Bleeding (1; CEB; JLH); Cancer (1; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; JLH); Cancer, intestine (1; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; JLH); Condyloma (f; JLH); Cystosis (f; HHB); Diarrhea (1; PH2; WOI); Dysentery (f; HHB); Dysmenorrhea (f; CEB); Enterosis (f; JLH); Epistaxis (f; HHB); Fever (1; PH2; WOI); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Gingivosis (1; PH2); Heartburn (f; PH2); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f; HHB); Inflammation (1; JLH; PH2); Kernel (f; JLH); Kidney Stone (f; HHB); Nephrosis (f; HHB); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomatosis (1; PH2); Swelling (f; JLH); Toothache (f; PH2); Wound (f; HHB). Dosage: Not covered. Tannin-sensitive subjects may suffer gastric distress (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). EUROPEAN LARCH Contraindications: Not covered. Tannin-sensitive subjects may suffer gastric distress (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). EUROPEAN LARCH |
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| EUROPEAN LARCH | Larix decidua | |
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Synonyms: Larix europaea DC., Pinus larix L. Actions: Allergenic (1; KOM); Antiseptic (1; KOM); Astringent (1; EFS; HHB); Diaphoretic (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB); Expectorant (f; HHB); Hemostat (f; EFS); Laxative (f; EFS); Rubefacient (1; KOM); Stimulant (f; DEM); Stomachic (f; EFS). Indications: Bleeding (f; EFS); Blood Pressure (2; PH2); Bronchosis (2; EFS; HHB; PH2); Cancer, gut (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Catarrh (2; KOM); Cold (2; PH2); Dysuria (f; EFS); Fever (2; EFS; PH2); Furuncle (1; KOM; PH2); Gleet (f; CEB); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Infection (2; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (f; EFS); Neuralgia (2; KOM; PH2); Pain (f; PH2); Pharyngosis (2; PH2); Respirosis (1; KOM); Rheumatism (2; EFS; KOM; PH2); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomatosis (2; PH2); Uterosis (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB). Dosage: Not covered (AHP). Commission E reports hypersensitivity to EOs, acute inflammation of respiratory tract (for inhalation; adverse effects: allergic skin reactions) (AEH; KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper external therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). Commission E reports hypersensitivity to EOs, acute inflammation of respiratory tract (for inhalation; adverse effects: allergic skin reactions) (AEH; KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper external therapeutic dosages†(PH2). |
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| EUROPEAN PENNYROYAL | Mentha pulegium | |
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Synonyms: Pulegium vulgare Mill. Actions: Abortifacient (1; CRC; PH2; PNC); Antiseptic (1; CRC; PH2); Antipyretic (f; APA); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Carminative (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Cholagogue (f; CRC); Decongestant (f; APA); Depurative (f; MAD); Diaphoretic (f; APA; CRC); Digestive (f; APA; CRC); Diuretic (f; MAD; PHR); Ecbolic (1; CRC); Emmenagogue (1; AHP; APA; PNC); Expectorant (f; APA; EFS; MAD); Hepatotoxic (f; PHR; PH2); Insecticide (1; CRC; PH2); Insectifuge (2; APA; CRC); Nervine (f; MAD); Pectoral (f; CRC); Poison (1; CRC); Purgative (f; MAD); Refrigerant (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; APA; CRC; PNC); Sudorific (f; CRC; EFS); Uterotonic (1; AHP; MAD). Indications: Amenorrhea (1; FNF; MAD; PH2); Anemia (f; MAD); Angina (f; MAD); Biliousness (f; CRC); Bite (f; EFS; MAD); Cacoethes (f; CRC); Cancer, belly (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, pudenda (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cold (f; APA; CRC; PH2; PNC); Colic (1; APA; PNC); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Cough (f; APA; CRC); Cramp (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; APA; PHR; PH2; PNC); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; CRC; HHB; PNC); Dyspepsia (f; APA; MAD; PHR; PH2; PNC); Eczema (f; APA); Fibroid (f; CRC; JLH); Flu (f; APA); Gas (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; MAD; PHR); Gout (f; CRC; MAD; PNC); Headache (f; APA; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Inflammation (f; APA); Itch (f; PNC); Jaundice (f; MAD); Nephrosis (f; MAD); Neurosis (f; CRC; MAD); Polyp (f; JLH); Polyuria (f; PHR; PH2); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Spasm (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; MAD); Syncope (f; CRC; MAD); Tonsilosis (f; MAD); Tumor (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; CRC); Vertigo (f; CRC); Wound (f; APA). Dosage: Class 2b. Emmenagogue and uterotonic (AHP). In Canada, allowed in food or beverage only if pulegone-free (AHP). CAN cautions that pulegone in the volatile oil can be irritant, hepatotoxic, and nephrotoxic. Symptoms following EO ingestion include abdominal pain, agitation, diarrhea, high blood pressure, lethargy, nausea, pyrexia, and generalized urticaria. Abortifacient doses are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. Because of pulegone’s abortifacient activity, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. “Both the internal and external use of pennyroyal oil has been contraindicated†(CAN).Death reported following ingestion of 15 ml (ca. 1/2 oz) EO, after 2-week consumption of alcoholic extract (with pulegone metabolites in the liver) (AHP). Playing it safe, I like to remind everyone that pregnant women are advised against taking (any medicine) this herb or others because the herbs reportedly have some abortifacient properties. Further, pulegone, the active compound, is reportedly absorbed through the skin and may be carcinogenic (I think the warning is overrated but would prefer to err on the side of caution). But many of our generally recommended as safe mints also contain pulegone. Delaneyites (a group of adherents of the Delaney Cause, that anything containing a carcinogen is a carcinogen) might outlaw peppermint, one of our best medicinal herbs. The Lawrence Review certainly puts pulegone at doubt. Pulegone is oxidized by hepatic cytochrome P-450 to the hepatotoxic compound, menthofuran. Pulegone or a metabolite is also responsible for neurotoxicity and destruction of bronchiolar epithelial cells. It extensively depletes glutathione in the liver. Hepatic toxicity from overdoses has been prevented with acetylcysteine administered promptly. Rats at 80 to 160 mg/kg/day develop encephalopathies. Not to be toyed with. Pennyroyal oil is toxic and potentially fatal if ingested. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rash, dizziness, and alternating lethargy and agitation, leading to kidney failure, massive hepatic necrosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Five grams of pennyroyal oil can cause collapse; 11.69 g abortion, collapse, salivation, and unconsciousness. Serious toxicity with the tea has not been reported. CNS symptoms from ingesting pennyroyal-containing preparations include lethargy, agitation, dizziness, sometimes leading to seizures and auditory and visual hallucinations. GI effects include nausea, vomiting, burning in the throat, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (AEH1). EO LD50 = 400 mg/kg orl rat (CAN), LD50 = 4200 mg/kg der rbt (CAN). Contraindications: Class 2b. Emmenagogue and uterotonic (AHP). In Canada, allowed in food or beverage only if pulegone-free (AHP). CAN cautions that pulegone in the volatile oil can be irritant, hepatotoxic, and nephrotoxic. Symptoms following EO ingestion include abdominal pain, agitation, diarrhea, high blood pressure, lethargy, nausea, pyrexia, and generalized urticaria. Abortifacient doses are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. Because of pulegone’s abortifacient activity, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. “Both the internal and external use of pennyroyal oil has been contraindicated†(CAN).Death reported following ingestion of 15 ml (ca. 1/2 oz) EO, after 2-week consumption of alcoholic extract (with pulegone metabolites in the liver) (AHP). Playing it safe, I like to remind everyone that pregnant women are advised against taking (any medicine) this herb or others because the herbs reportedly have some abortifacient properties. Further, pulegone, the active compound, is reportedly absorbed through the skin and may be carcinogenic (I think the warning is overrated but would prefer to err on the side of caution). But many of our generally recommended as safe mints also contain pulegone. Delaneyites (a group of adherents of the Delaney Cause, that anything containing a carcinogen is a carcinogen) might outlaw peppermint, one of our best medicinal herbs. The Lawrence Review certainly puts pulegone at doubt. Pulegone is oxidized by hepatic cytochrome P-450 to the hepatotoxic compound, menthofuran. Pulegone or a metabolite is also responsible for neurotoxicity and destruction of bronchiolar epithelial cells. It extensively depletes glutathione in the liver. Hepatic toxicity from overdoses has been prevented with acetylcysteine administered promptly. Rats at 80 to 160 mg/kg/day develop encephalopathies. Not to be toyed with. Pennyroyal oil is toxic and potentially fatal if ingested. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rash, dizziness, and alternating lethargy and agitation, leading to kidney failure, massive hepatic necrosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Five grams of pennyroyal oil can cause collapse; 11.69 g abortion, collapse, salivation, and unconsciousness. Serious toxicity with the tea has not been reported. CNS symptoms from ingesting pennyroyal-containing preparations include lethargy, agitation, dizziness, sometimes leading to seizures and auditory and visual hallucinations. GI effects include nausea, vomiting, burning in the throat, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (AEH1). EO LD50 = 400 mg/kg orl rat (CAN), LD50 = 4200 mg/kg der rbt (CAN). |
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| EUROPEAN PEONY | Paeonia officinalis | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Abortifacient (f; PHR; PH2); Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (1; PNC); Antidiuretic (1; HHB); Antiherpetic (1; PNC); Antiinflammatory (1; PNC); Antispasmodic (f; APA; CRC; MAD; PNC); Antiviral (1; PNC); Astringent (1; APA; PNC); CNS-Depressant (1; PNC); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Depurative (f; CRC); Emetic (f; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; APA; CRC; MAD; PHR; PH2); Hemostat (1; APA); Hypertonic (1; PHR); Hypotensive (1; PH2); Immunostimulant (1; PNC); Laxative (f; FEL); Myorelaxant (1; PNC); Poison (f; CRC); Tonic (1; CRC; PNC); Uterocontractant (1; PH2); Uterotonic (1; MAD); Vasodilator (1; PNC). Indications: Acne (f; CRC); Allergy (1; FNF; KOM; PH2); Arthrosis (f; APA; KOM; PH2); Asthma (f; MAD); Bleeding (1; APA; CRC); Bronchosis (f; KOM); Cardiopathy (f; APA; KOM); Childbirth (f; CRC; MAD); Chorea (f; FEL); Colitis (f; KOM); Constipation (f; FEL); Convulsion (f; CRC); Cough (f; MAD); Cramp (f; APA; CRC; FEL; MAD; PNC); Cystosis (f; CRC; MAD); Dermatosis (f; APA; KOM; PH2); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Dropsy (f; CRC; FEL); Eclampsia (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; CRC; HHB; KOM); Epilepsy (f; APA; CRC; MAD; PH2; WIC); Epistaxis (f; CRC); Excitability (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; HHB; KOM); Gout (f; MAD; KOM; PH2); Headache (f; CRC); Hemoptysis (f; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; APA; CRC; KOM; PH2); Hepatosis (f; CRC; MAD); Herpes (1; PNC); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2); Immunodepression (1; PNC); Inflammation (1; FNF; PNC); Lichen (f; MAD); Lunacy (f; CRC); Mastosis (f; MAD); Migraine (f; KOM; PH2); Mucososis (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Nervousness (f; APA); Neuralgia (f; CRC; KOM; MAD; PH2); Neurasthenia (f; KOM; PH2); Neurosis (f; CRC); Nightmare (f; FEL); Odontosis (f; MAD); Pain (1; FNF; MAD; PNC); Pertussis (f; APA; FEL; PHR; PH2); Phlebitis (f; APA); Prolapse (f; MAD); Proctosis (f; APA; MAD; PH2); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; PHR; PH2); Sore Throat (f; MAD); Spasm (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; CRC; MAD); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (1; FNF); Uterosis (f; CRC); Varicosis (f; APA; CRC; MAD); Virus (1; PNC); Wound (f; CRC). Root of P. officinalis suggested, but not approved, for allergy, arthrosis, cardiopathy, cramp, enterosis, gastrosis, migraine, neuralgia, and neurasthenia (KOM). Flower of P. officinalis suggested, but not approved, for arthrosis, bronchosis, cardiopathy, dermatosis, gastrosis, gout, and hemorrhoid (KOM). Dosage: Class 1. “Canadian regulations do not allow European peony as a nonmedicinal ingredient for oral use products†(AHP). No peonies were approved by Commission E, but they did say, “No risks known†(KOM). The Physicians Desk Reference was a bit more explicit regarding P. officinalis, “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). “Side effects that may occur, particularly in cases of over dosages, include gastroenterosis with vomiting, colic, and diarrhea†(PHR). “Because efficacy has not been documented, therapeutic use cannot be recommended†(PH2). Much of the indicated uses and biological activity is attributed to paeoniflorin. Contraindications: Class 1. “Canadian regulations do not allow European peony as a nonmedicinal ingredient for oral use products†(AHP). No peonies were approved by Commission E, but they did say, “No risks known†(KOM). The Physicians Desk Reference was a bit more explicit regarding P. officinalis, “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). “Side effects that may occur, particularly in cases of over dosages, include gastroenterosis with vomiting, colic, and diarrhea†(PHR). “Because efficacy has not been documented, therapeutic use cannot be recommended†(PH2). Much of the indicated uses and biological activity is attributed to paeoniflorin. |
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