Herbal Medicine Reference

Synonyms:

Actions: Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; PHR); Carminative (f; CRC; EFS); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Hemostat (f; CRC; EFS); Narcotic (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS); Vulnerary (f; CRC).

Indications: Angina (f; MPG); Biliousness (f; CRC); Bleeding (f; CRC; EFS; MPG); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Diarrhea (f; MPG); Fever(f; CRC; EFS); Fistula (f; CRC); Gangrene (f; CRC); Gas (f; CRC; EFS); Gastrosis (f; PHR); Hangover (f; CRC); Hemoptysis (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Inflammation (f; PHR); Jaundice (f; CRC); Laryngosis (1; PHR); Leukorrhea (f; MPG); Quinsy (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; CRC); Stomatosis (1; PHR); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; CRC; JLH); Vaginosis (f; MPG); Water Retention (f; CRC); Wound (1; PHR).

Dosage: None stated (PHR).

Contraindications: None stated (PHR).

Synonyms:

Actions: Antideiodinater (T4) (2; KOM); Antigonadotropic (2; KOM; PH2; SHT); Antihormonal (2; PNC); Antilactagogue (f; MAB); Antioxidant (1; APA); Antiprolactin (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; APA); Antithyrotropic (2; KOM; PH2; SHT); Antitumor (f; APA); Arteriosedative (f; MAD); Astringent (f; MAD; PNC); Cardiotonic (f; APA; FEL; MAD); Depurative (f; FEL); Digitalic (f; MAD); Hemostat (f; MAD); Narcotic (f; CEB); Poison (f; DEM); Sedative (f; APA; CEB; FEL; PNC); Tonic (f; FEL; HHB).

Indications: Albuminuria (f; FEL); Anxiety (f; APA; FEL); Bite (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; FEL; MAD); Bright’s Disease (f; MAD); Burn (f; FEL); Cardiopathy (f; FAD; PH2); Cough (1; FEL; PNC); Debility (f; FEL); Diabetes (f; CEB; FAD; FEL); Diarrhea (f; CEB; FEL); Dysentery (f; CEB; FEL); Dyspepsia (f; FEL); Dystonia (f; HHB); Endocardosis (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; FEL); Epistaxis (f; FEL); Exophthalmia (f; MAD); Fever (f; APA; FEL); Gastrosis (f; CEB; FEL); Goiter (f; FEL; MAD); Grave’s Disease (1; PNC); Hematuria (f; FEL); Hemoptysis (f; CEB; FEL; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; MAD; PH2); Hyperthyroidism (mild only) (2; APA; HHB; PHR; SHT); Inflammation (f; CEB); Insomnia (2; APA; CEB; FEL; MAD; PHR; PH2; PNC); Jaundice (f; MAD); Malaria (f; FEL); Mastosis (2; KOM; PHR; SHT); Menorrhagia (1; SHT); Nephrosis (f; MAD; PH2); Nervousness (2; APA; CEB; FEL; PHR; PH2; PNC); Palpitation (f; APA; MAD); Pericardosis (f; MAD); Phthisis (1; FEL); PMS (2; PHR; SHT); Pneumonia (f; FEL); Polyuria (f; CEB); Pulmonosis (f; FAD; FEL); Snakebite (f; DEM); Swelling (f; MAD); Tension (f; PH2); Thyroidosis (2; PHR); Tuberculosis (f; FEL; MAD); Tumor (f; APA).

Dosage: Class 2b, 2c, 2d. Contraindicated in thyroid enlargement or hypothyroid, and in simultaneous administration of other thyroid treatments (AHP). Long-term use can cause thyroid enlargement. “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Avoid sudden withdrawal; may increase prolactin secretion (SHT). Extracts (Bugleweed) — Extracts have demonstrated antigonadotropic, antithyrotropic, and prolactin- lowering activities (SHT). Freeze-dried extract induces pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) repletion in hypothyroid rats, and reduction of TSH levels in euthyroid rats. Extracts also prevent bovine TSH binding to and stimulating adenyl cyclase in human thyroid membranes. Extracts used empirically in the treatment of Grave’s disease, in which a thyroid-stimulating antibody is found in the blood; “this antibody has been shown to bind to and be inhibited by the plant extract” (PNC).

Contraindications: Class 2b, 2c, 2d. Contraindicated in thyroid enlargement or hypothyroid, and in simultaneous administration of other thyroid treatments (AHP). Long-term use can cause thyroid enlargement. “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Avoid sudden withdrawal; may increase prolactin secretion (SHT). Extracts (Bugleweed) — Extracts have demonstrated antigonadotropic, antithyrotropic, and prolactin- lowering activities (SHT). Freeze-dried extract induces pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) repletion in hypothyroid rats, and reduction of TSH levels in euthyroid rats. Extracts also prevent bovine TSH binding to and stimulating adenyl cyclase in human thyroid membranes. Extracts used empirically in the treatment of Grave’s disease, in which a thyroid-stimulating antibody is found in the blood; “this antibody has been shown to bind to and be inhibited by the plant extract” (PNC).

Synonyms:

Actions: Abortifacient (f; MAD); Allergenic (f; PHR); Antibacterial (1; CRC); Antiseptic (1; CRC; ZUL); Candidicide (1; CRC); CNS-Depressant (f; PHR); Fungicide (1; MAD; ZUL); Laxative (f; MAD); Narcotic (f; MAD); Poison (1; CRC); Sedative (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Sternutator (1; CRC); Vesicant (1; CRC).

Indications: Alcoholism (f; CRC); Allergy (f; CRC); Arthrosis (f; CRC; MAD); Bacteria (1; CRC); Boil (f; MAD); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, cervix (f; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; CRC); Catarrh (f; MAD); Cervicosis (f; JLH); Chilblain (f; CRC); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Cystosis (f; MAD); Delirium (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dyspnea (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC; FEL; MAD); Epilepsy (f; CRC); Flu (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Frostbite (f; MAD); Fungus (1; MAD; ZUL); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Gout (f; CRC; MAD; PHR; PH2); Headache (f; CRC; MAD); Hemiplegia (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC; MAD); Herpes (f; CRC; FEL); Hiccup (f; CRC); Hydrocoele (f; CRC); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Insomnia (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Itch (f; MAD); Jaundice (f; CRC); Lumbago (f; MAD); Mastosis (f; CRC; JLH); Meningosis (f; CRC; HHB; MAD; PHR; PH2); Mycosis (1; MAD; ZUL); Myosis (f; MAD); Nephrosis (f; MAD); Nervousness (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Neuralgia (f; CRC; FEL; HHB; PHR; PH2); Nyctalopia (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; MAD); Otosis(f; MAD); Ovary (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC; MAD); Pancreatosis (f; MAD); Pemphigus (f; CRC; MAD); Pleurosis (f; CRC; HHB; MAD); Pleurodynia (f; CRC; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC; FEL; MAD; PHR; PH2); Sciatica (f; CRC); Shingle (f; CRC); Spine (f; CRC); Staphylococcus (1; CRC); Stomatosis (f; CRC; MAD); VD (f; DEM); Vertigo (f; MAD); Wart (f; CRC; JLH; MAD); Wen (f; JLH); Yeast (1; CRC).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Contraindicated “absolutely” in pregnancy (PHR; PH2). Protoanemonin with significant antiseptic activity on aerobes, anaerobes, dermatophytes, and yeast, including MDR pathogens.

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Contraindicated “absolutely” in pregnancy (PHR; PH2). Protoanemonin with significant antiseptic activity on aerobes, anaerobes, dermatophytes, and yeast, including MDR pathogens.

Synonyms: Chamaepericlymenum canadense (L.) Asch. & Graebn.

Actions: Collyrium (f; FAD); Laxative (f; FAD); Tonic (f; DEM).

Indications: Bleeding (f; MIC); Cold (f; DEM); Colic (f; FAD); Cough (f; FAD; DEM); Enuresis (f; MIC); Fever (f; DEM; FAD); Fit (f; FAD); Gastrosis (f; DEM; MIC); Nephrosis (f; FAD; MIC); Ophthalmia (f; FAD); Pain (f; DEM; FAD); Paralysis (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; FAD); Side Ache (f; DEM); Sore (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Wound (f; MIC).

Dosage:

Contraindications:

Synonyms:

Actions: Adrenergic (1; KEB); Analgesic (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Antiadhesive (1; AKT); Antiaggregant (1; AKT; KEB; MAB); Antidepressant (f; PED); Antiedemic (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Antifibrositic (1; SHB); Antihepatosis (1; KEB); Antiinflammatory (1; DAA; MAB; PED; PH2; WHO; WO2); Antimutagenic (1; MAB; WHO); Antinephrotic (1; KEB); Antiprostaglandin (1; KEB); Antipyretic (2; KEB; PH2; WHO; WO2); Antithromboxane (1; KEB); Antitoxic (f; DAA); Antitumor (1; KEB); Antitussive (1; DAA; KEB; PH2); Antiulcer (1; KEB; PH2); Antiviral (1; SHB; WO2); Apoptotic (1; MAB); Bitter (f; PED); cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor (1; WO2); Cardioprotective (1; AKT); Choleretic (2; AKT; KEB); CNS-Depressant (1; DAA; PED; WHO); Corticosteronigenic (1; AKT; MAB); Diaphoretic (f; KEB; MAB; PED; WO2); Diuretic (1; AKT); Expectorant (f; WO2); Gastroprotective (1; MAB; WHO); Hemolytic (1; WO2); Hemostat (f; DAA); Hepatoprotective (1; KEB; MAB; PH2; WHO); Hepatotonic (f; DAA); Hyperglycemic (1; MAB); Hypocholesterolemic (1; KEB); Hypoglycemic (1; AKT); Hypotensive (1; PH2); Immunostimulant (1; KEB; SHB; WHO); Interleukinogenic (1; SHB); Laxative (1; KEB); Mitogenic (1; MAB); Nephroprotective (1; MAB); Phagocytotic (f; SHB); Sedative (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Tyrosinase-Inhibitor (1; WO2).

Indications: Amenorrhea (f; DAA; WHO); Anxiety (f; AKT); Autoimmune Disease (f; WHO); Bleeding (f; DAA); Cancer (1; AKT; JLH; MAB; WHO); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, cervix (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; AKT); Catarrh (f; DAA); Chest Ache (f; PH2; WO2); Cholecystosis (f; DAA); Chill (f; DAA; MAB; PH2); Cold (1; KEB; WHO); Constipation (1; KEB);Cough (f; DAA); Deafness (f; DAA; PH2; WHO); Debility (f; AKT; MAB); Depression (f; PED); Dermatosis (f; PED); Diabetes (f; WHO); Diarrhea (f; DAA); Dizziness (f; AKT; WHO); Dusgeusia (f; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; JAD; MAB; PED); Dyspepsia (f; DAA; MAB); Enterosis (1; WO2); Epigastrosis (f; MAB); Fever (2; DAA; HHB; KEB; MAB; PED; PH2; WHO; WO2); Fibrosis (1; SHB); Flu (1; WHO); Gallstone (f; DAA); Gas (f; DAA; WO2); Hepatomegaly (f; KEB); Hepatosis (1; DAA; KEB; WHO; WO2); Herpes (1; MAB); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; PH2); High Cholesterol (1; KEB); Hyperglycemia (1; AKT); Hyperpigmentation (f; WO2); Hypochondriasis (f; WHO); Hypoglycemia (1; MAB); Immunodepression (1; KEB; SHB; WHO); Inflammation (1; AKT; DAA; MAB; PED; PH2; WHO; WO2); Insomnia (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Leukemia (f; JLH); Malaria (f; DAA; PH2); Measles (1; MAB); Metastasis (f; AKT); Nausea (f; MAB; PH2); Nephrosis (1; KEB; WHO); Nervousness (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Obesity (1; KEB); Pain (1; DAA; MAB; PH2; WHO); Palpitation (f; DAA); Pleurisy (f; DAA); PMS (f; PED); Prolapse (f; DAA; MAB); Pulmonosis (f; DAA); Rhinosis (f; DAA); Stone (f; DAA); Stress (f; PED); Swelling (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Tuberculosis (f; DAA); Tumor (1; KEB; PED); Ulcer (1; KEB; MAB; PH2; WHO); Vertigo (f; AKT; DAA); Virus (1; SHB; WO2); Vomiting (f; PH2; WHO); Water Retention (1; AKT); Wound (f; WHO).

Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). I suspect that this herb houses furanocourmarins for which the usual photosensitivity caveats apply. Patients may experience some flatulence, laxation, and sedation (KEB); large doses may decrease appetite and cause flatulence and abdominal distension. Allergic reactions reported in three cases (intramuscular injections) (WHO). One combination formula containing Bupleurum has been associated with interstitial pneumonitis in more than 15 patients (MAB). Because large doses may sedate, WHO cautions against operating motor vehicles or hazardous machinery. Alcohol, as well as other sedatives and CNS-depressants, may synergize the Bupleurum effects. Extracts (Bupleurum) — Saikosaponin A and D have antitumor effects against human hepatoma tissue cultures (KEB); extracts may stimulate macrophage activity. Oral doses only about 1/10th as active as injected doses (KEB). At 6 mg day (~300 mg/root/day) significantly reduced liver enzymes. Antiinflammatory activity of saikosaponins similar to that of prednisolone (MAB). Sedative activity of saikosaponins (200–800 mg/kg) = 100 mg meprobomate. Polysaccharide fraction BR2 at 100 mg/kg similar in antiulcer activity of sucralfate (WHO).

Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). I suspect that this herb houses furanocourmarins for which the usual photosensitivity caveats apply. Patients may experience some flatulence, laxation, and sedation (KEB); large doses may decrease appetite and cause flatulence and abdominal distension. Allergic reactions reported in three cases (intramuscular injections) (WHO). One combination formula containing Bupleurum has been associated with interstitial pneumonitis in more than 15 patients (MAB). Because large doses may sedate, WHO cautions against operating motor vehicles or hazardous machinery. Alcohol, as well as other sedatives and CNS-depressants, may synergize the Bupleurum effects. Extracts (Bupleurum) — Saikosaponin A and D have antitumor effects against human hepatoma tissue cultures (KEB); extracts may stimulate macrophage activity. Oral doses only about 1/10th as active as injected doses (KEB). At 6 mg day (~300 mg/root/day) significantly reduced liver enzymes. Antiinflammatory activity of saikosaponins similar to that of prednisolone (MAB). Sedative activity of saikosaponins (200–800 mg/kg) = 100 mg meprobomate. Polysaccharide fraction BR2 at 100 mg/kg similar in antiulcer activity of sucralfate (WHO).

Synonyms: A. edule (Siebold ex Miq.) Nakai, Lappa edulis Siebold ex Miq., L. major Gaertn., L. officinalis All.

Actions: Alterative (f; CRC; PED); Antibacterial (1; APA; CAN; PED); Antidiabetic (1; FNF); Antifuruncular (1; CAN); Anti-HIV (f; APA); Antileukemic (1; FNF); Antilymphomic (1; FNF); Antimutagenic (1; APA; CAN); Antiphlegmatic (f; CRC); Antipyretic (f; CRC; FNF); Antirheumatic (f; PNC); Antiseptic (1; CRC; PNC; SKY); Antitumor (1; APA; CRC; SKY); Aperitif (f; CAN); Astringent (f; PED); Bifidogenic (1; AKT; FNF); Bitter (1; CAN); Carminative (f; CRC); Choleretic (1; APA; FAD); Cytoprotective (1; CAN); Demulcent (1; SKY); Depurative (f; APA; FAD; PHR); Desmutagenic (1; PNC); Detoxicant (1; CAN); Diaphoretic (f; APA; PHR; WAM); Digestive (1; SKY); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Fungicide (1; APA; PED); Gastrostimulant (1; FNF); Hepatotonic (1; WAM); Hypocholesterolemic (1; FNF); Hypoglycemic (1; APA; PNC; SKY); Immunomodulator (1; FNF); Immunostimulant (1; FNF); Lipolytic (1; FNF); Lymphotonic (1; WAM); Prebiotic (1; AKT; FNF); Stomachic (f; CRC); Uterotonic (1; CAN).

Indications: Abscess (f; CRC); Acne (f; CRC; SKY); Adenopathy (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Alopecia (f; APA); Anorexia (f; CAN); Arthrosis (f; APA; CRC; PNC); Backache (f; APA); Bacteria (1; APA; CAN; PED); Bladder Stone (1; APA; CRC); Boil (1; CAN; WAM); Bruise (f; CRC; FAD); Bunion (f; CRC); Burn (f; FAD); Cancer (1; APA; CAN; FNF); Cancer, breast (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, knee (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, lip (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, sinus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, tongue (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Canker Sore (f; APA; CRC); Chancre (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cold (f; APA); Constipation (f; APA;FAD); Corn (f; JLH); Cystosis (f; CAN); Dermatosis (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Diabetes (1; CAN; CRC); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Eczema (f; APA; CAN; WAM); Enterosis (f; APA); Eruption (f; CRC); Fever (f; APA; CRC; FNF; PHR; WAM); Flu (f; APA; FAD); Fungus (1; APA; PED); Furuncle (1; CAN); Gas (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; APA); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Gout (f; APA; CAN; FAD); Gravel (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; FAD); High Cholesterol (1; FNF); HIV (f; APA); Hives (f; FAD); Hyperglycemia (1; APA; CAN; PNC; SKY); Hysteria (f; CRC); Ichthyosis (f; PHR); Immunodepression (1; FNF); Impotence (f; CRC); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; APA; CRC; PED; PNC); Inflammation (f; JLH); Itch (f; CRC); Kidney Stone (1; APA; X7860196); Leukemia (1; FNF); Leukorrhea (f; CRC); Lumbago (1; CRC); Lymphoma (1; FNF; JAD); Measles (f; CRC; FAD); Mycosis (1; APA; PED); Nephrosis (f; CRC; FAD); Pain (f; APA); Parturition (f; APA); Pharyngosis (f; APA); Phosphaturia (f; CRC); Psoriasis (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Rheumatism (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PNC); Ringworm (f; CRC); Scarlet Fever (f; FAD); Sciatica (1; APA; CRC); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; CRC; FAD); Shigella (1; FNF); Smallpox (f; CRC; FAD); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Staphylococcus (1; FNF); Sterility (f; CRC); Swelling (f; CRC); Syphilis (f; APA; CRC); Tumor (1; APA; CAN; CRC; JLH; SKY); Ulcer (f; APA; JLH); Urethrosis (Unapproved KOM); UTI (f; APA); VD (f; CRC); Vertigo (f; CRC; FAD); Wart (f; APA; JLH); Water Retention (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Wound (f; APA).

Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). CAN notes that it may conflict with other hypoglycemic medications. Physicians in Burgos, Spain, in 1995, reported three cases of contact dermatosis caused by burdock root poultices. Herbs for Health (November/ December) page 68, reviewing Rodriguez, P. et al., 1995. Allergic contact dermatitis due to burdock. Contact Dermatitis 33(2):134–5. (However, a letter from Alvaro Palacios in Spain tells me this is based on contamination with belladonna). Should be avoided during pregnancy due to a slight estrogenic effect (WAM). CAN also cautions that because it is a uterine stimulant, in vivo, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Extracts (Burdock) — High inulin and mucilage may explain GI soothing effect (SKY). The bitter compound artipicrin kills Gram-positive bacteria (CAN). Bitter constituents explain digestive properties (SKY); polyacetylenes are antimicrobial (SKY). Lignans have antileukemic, antilymphomic, antimutagenic, and antitumor activities. (FNF). The burdock fiber (root can be 50% inulin) at 5% in the diet of rats protects against the toxicity of artificial food coloring. Plant juice reduces chromosome aberrations (CAN). Inulin seems to have antidiabetic, gastrostimulant, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immunostimulant, and lipolytic activities. Flowers and leaves antibacterial against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). CAN notes that it may conflict with other hypoglycemic medications. Physicians in Burgos, Spain, in 1995, reported three cases of contact dermatosis caused by burdock root poultices. Herbs for Health (November/ December) page 68, reviewing Rodriguez, P. et al., 1995. Allergic contact dermatitis due to burdock. Contact Dermatitis 33(2):134–5. (However, a letter from Alvaro Palacios in Spain tells me this is based on contamination with belladonna). Should be avoided during pregnancy due to a slight estrogenic effect (WAM). CAN also cautions that because it is a uterine stimulant, in vivo, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Extracts (Burdock) — High inulin and mucilage may explain GI soothing effect (SKY). The bitter compound artipicrin kills Gram-positive bacteria (CAN). Bitter constituents explain digestive properties (SKY); polyacetylenes are antimicrobial (SKY). Lignans have antileukemic, antilymphomic, antimutagenic, and antitumor activities. (FNF). The burdock fiber (root can be 50% inulin) at 5% in the diet of rats protects against the toxicity of artificial food coloring. Plant juice reduces chromosome aberrations (CAN). Inulin seems to have antidiabetic, gastrostimulant, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immunostimulant, and lipolytic activities. Flowers and leaves antibacterial against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Synonyms: D. caucasicus (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Grossh., D. fraxinellus Pers., D. fraxinellus var. caucasicus Fisch. & C. A. Mey.

Actions: Antiimplantation (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (f; DAA); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Cardiosedative (f; HHB); Contraceptive (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; PH2); Mutagenic (1; PH2); Nervine (f; EFS); Phototoxic (1; HHB; PH2); Propecic (1; PH2); Sedative (f; PH2); Stimulant (f; PH2); Tonic (f; EFS; PH2); Uterotonic (f; HHB); Vermifuge (f; EFS; HHB).

Indications: Amenorrhea (f; PH2); Boil (f; DAA); Cancer (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; PH2); Cramp (f; EFS; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Eczema (f; PH2); Epilepsy (f; PH2); Fever (f; EFS; PH2); Fungus (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Hysteria (f; HHB; WOI); Impetigo (f; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Insomnia (f; PH2); Itch (f; DAA); Jaundice (f; PH2); Malaria (f; HHB; WOI); Mycosis (f; PH2); Nervousness (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HHB; PH2); Scabies (f; PH2); Vitiligo (f; HHB); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB); Worm (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Wound (f; PH2).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Mutagenic, phototoxic, uterotonic.

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Mutagenic, phototoxic, uterotonic.

Synonyms: B. comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand, B. connata Muhl. ex Willd., B. connata var. comosa A. Gray.

Actions: Antibacterial (f; WO3); Antiinflammatory (1; WO3); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (1; DAA; EFS; WO3); Aperient (f; EFS; WO2); Astringent (f; EFS; PH2); Choleretic (1; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; PH2; WO2); Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Expectorant (f; WO2); Hemostat (f; EFS); Narcotic (f; EFS); Sedative (f; EFS).

Indications: Alopecia (f; PH2); Bacteria (f; WO3); Bite (f; PH2); Bleeding (f; EFS; WO2); Cancer (1; WO3); Cystosis (f; DAA); Dropsy (f; WO2); Dysentery (f; DAA; WO2); Eczema (f; WO2); Enterosis (f; WO3); Fever (f; EFS; PH2); Gallstone (f; WO2); Gastrosis (f; WO3); Gout (f; DAA; PH2); Gravel (f; DAA); Hematuria (f; PH2); Hemoptysis (f; WO2); Infection (1; EFS; WO3); Inflammation (1; WO3); Insomnia (f; EFS); Kidney Stone (f; WO2); Nervousness (f; EFS); Respirosis (f; WO2); Sclerosis (f; DAA); Scurvy (f; PH2); Stone (f; WO2); Toothache (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; WO2); Venosis (f; DAA); Water Retention (f; EFS; PH2; WO2); Wound (f; WO3).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

Synonyms:

Actions: Alpha-Adrenergic (1; PNC); Antiaggregant (f; PED); Anticapillary Fragility (1; PH2; SKY); Antiinflammatory (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SKY); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Aperient (f; PNC); Aperitif (f; EFS); Bitter (f; PED); Deobstruent (f; EFS); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; PNC); Diuretic (2; KOM; PED; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Expectorant (f; BIB); Laxative (f; APA; BGB; EFS); Tonic (1; PH2); Vasoconstrictor (1; APA; PNC; PED; SKY).

Indications: Anorexia (f; EFS); Arthrosis (1; APA); Atherosclerosis (f; PED; SKY); Cancer, prostate (f; HHB; JLH); Capillary Fragility (1; PH2; PNC; SKY); Catarrh (f; BIB); Chilblain (f; BIB); Constipation (f; APA; BGB; EFS); Cramp (1; APA; KOM; PH2); CVI (2; APA; BGB; PH2); Dropsy (f; BIB); Dyspnea (f; BIB); Dysuria (f; BIB); Fever (f; EFS; PNC); Fracture (f; APA; BGB); Hemorrhoid (2; APA; KOM; MAB; PH2; SKY); Hypertriglyceridemia (1; BGB); Inflammation (2; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2; SKY); Itch (1; APA; KOM; PH2); Jaundice (f; BIB; EFS); Nephrosis (f; BIB); Pain (1; KOM); Phlebitis (1; PED); Pulmonosis (f; EFS); Prostatosis (f; JLH); Respirosis (f; BIB); Retinosis (2; BGB); Rheumatism (f; APA); Scrofula (f; BIB); Swelling (1; APA; KOM; PH2); Thrombosis (1; HHB; PED); Ulcus cruris (f; HHB); Uterosis (f; BGB); Varicosis (1; APA; MAB; SKY); Water Retention (2; BIB; KOM; PED; PH2).

Dosage: Class 1 (AHP; SKY). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission Ereports rhizome permitted for oral use. No contraindications or interactions. Adverse effects: rarely gastric complaints, nausea, queasiness (AEH; KOM; PHR; PH2). Ruscogenins and neoruscogenins, similar to diosgenin, are responsible for decreasing inflammation and vascular permeability (SKY). Saponins are antiaggregant, antiinflammatory, capillarifortificant, and diuretic (PED).

Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP; SKY). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission Ereports rhizome permitted for oral use. No contraindications or interactions. Adverse effects: rarely gastric complaints, nausea, queasiness (AEH; KOM; PHR; PH2). Ruscogenins and neoruscogenins, similar to diosgenin, are responsible for decreasing inflammation and vascular permeability (SKY). Saponins are antiaggregant, antiinflammatory, capillarifortificant, and diuretic (PED).

Synonyms: Tussilago hybrida L.

Actions: Analgesic (1; BIS; HH2; PH2; SHT); Antiinflammatory (1; IJI1; SHT); Antileukotriene (1; IJI1; PH2; SHT); Antilithic (2; KOM; SHT); Antimigraine (1; IJI1); Antispasmodic (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT); Antiulcer (1; HH2); Aperitif (f; PH2); Aquaretic (f; SHT); Carcinogenic (1; PHR; PH2); Cardiotonic (f; GMH); Cytoprotective (f; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; MAD); Diuretic (f; GMH; MAD; PHR; PNC); Dysuria (2; KOM); Emmenagogue (f; MAD); Hepatotoxic (1; PHR; PH2); Mutagenic (1; PHR; PH2); Sedative (f; BIS); Stimulant (f; PNC); Teratogenic (1; PHR; PH2); Tonic (f; PNC); Vermifuge (f; MAD).

Indications: Adenopathy (f; JLH); Agitation (f; PH2); Anorexia (f; PHR; PH2); Asthma (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Backache (f; GMH); Bladder Stone (2; PHR; PH2); Bronchosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cold (f; GMH); Colic (f; PHR; PH2; SHT); Cough (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT); Dysmenorrhea (f; BIS); Dyspnea (f; GMH); Dysuria (f; GMH; MAD; SHT); Enterosis (f; BIS; PHR; PH2); Fever (f; GMH; MAD); Gastrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Headache (f; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Hoarseness (f; MAD); Inflammation (1; IJI1; SHT); Insomnia (f; BIS; PH2); Kidney Stone (2; PHR; PH2); Migraine (1; IJI1; PH2); Nervousness (f; BIS); Neuralgia (f; GMH); Pain (2; BIS; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT); Pancreatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Pertussis (f; PHR; PH2); Plague (f; GMH); Psychasthenia (2; HH2); Respirosis (f; PH2); Sore (f; GMH; PHR; PH2); Sore Throat (f; MAD); Stone (2; PHR; PH2; SHT); Stress (f; PH2); Ulcer (1; HH2); Uterosis (f; MAD); UTI (f; PHR; PH2; SHT); Water Retention (f; GMH; MAD; PHR; PNC); Worm (f; GMH; MAD); Wound (f; PHR; PH2).

Dosage: Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Not recommended due to PAs and sesquiterpene lactones (PNC). Daily dose should not exceed 1 μg PAs; do not dose more than 4–6 weeks a year (SHT). Botanically similar to Tussilago farfara. Adequate data about PA content not available. PAs are toxic to humans, with liver damage with cirrhosis and ascites, or seneciosis, or veno-occlusive disease (VOD) reported in almost all cases of severe or fatal intoxications, from intakes of 0.5–3.3 mg/kg (AEH). Commission E reports all plant parts contain hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic PAs. Contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation (AEH). Gruenwald (PHR) makes the following contradictory statements, back-to-back, first his template, “No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.” Then, the conflicting statement, “One should entirely forgo any administration of the drug, due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects in the parts of the plant above ground, as even mere traces of the alkaloids present a danger” (PHR).

Contraindications: Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Not recommended due to PAs and sesquiterpene lactones (PNC). Daily dose should not exceed 1 μg PAs; do not dose more than 4–6 weeks a year (SHT). Botanically similar to Tussilago farfara. Adequate data about PA content not available. PAs are toxic to humans, with liver damage with cirrhosis and ascites, or seneciosis, or veno-occlusive disease (VOD) reported in almost all cases of severe or fatal intoxications, from intakes of 0.5–3.3 mg/kg (AEH). Commission E reports all plant parts contain hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic PAs. Contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation (AEH). Gruenwald (PHR) makes the following contradictory statements, back-to-back, first his template, “No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.” Then, the conflicting statement, “One should entirely forgo any administration of the drug, due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects in the parts of the plant above ground, as even mere traces of the alkaloids present a danger” (PHR).