Herbal Medicine Reference

Synonyms: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.

Actions: Allergenic (1; PH2); Antiinflammatory (1; FAD); Antipyretic (f; DEM); Antisecretory (1; WO2); Antispasmodic (1; FAD; PH2; WO2); Collyrium (f; DEM; FAD); Dermatitigenic (1; WO2); Diuretic (f; PH2; WO2); Emetic (1; WO2); Tonic (f; DEM; FAD; PH2; WO2).

Indications: Anxiety (f; PH2); Asthma (f; PH2; WO2); Bleeding (f; PH2; WO2); Cancer (f; JLH; WO2); Catarrh (f; WO2); Chafing (1; FAD); Cramp (1; FAD; PH2; WO2); Debility (f; WO2); Dermatosis (f; PH2; WO2); Dysmenorrhea (f; FAD); Epistaxis (f; PH2); Fever (f; DEM; FAD); Inflammation (1; FAD); Jaundice (f; WO2); Leukorrhea (f; WO2); Metrorrhagia (f; HHB; WO2); Migraine (1; FNF); Neurosis (f; PH2); Night Sweats (f; FAD); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pertussis (f; PH2; WO2); Pulmonosis (f; WO2); Rheumatism (f; WO2); Sore (f; PH2); Swelling (f; JLH); Tinea (f; WO2); Tuberculosis (f; WO2); Uterosis (f; WO2); VD (f; WO2); Wound (f; PH2; WO2).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). Leaves eaten as pot herb or salad (WO2). Large doses emetic (WO2). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Highly dermatitigenic (PH2). Warning: May cause contact dermatosis or cross–allergic reactions with other members of the daisy family (FAD). Bigger flowered than chamomile and feverfew, this contains many of the active ingredients of both and might be considered as a poor man’s emergency substitute. Containing parthenolide and four related compounds, artecanin, canin, 3-beta-hydroxyparthenolide, and secotanoparthenolide, this could conceivably be useful in migraine.

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). Leaves eaten as pot herb or salad (WO2). Large doses emetic (WO2). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Highly dermatitigenic (PH2). Warning: May cause contact dermatosis or cross–allergic reactions with other members of the daisy family (FAD). Bigger flowered than chamomile and feverfew, this contains many of the active ingredients of both and might be considered as a poor man’s emergency substitute. Containing parthenolide and four related compounds, artecanin, canin, 3-beta-hydroxyparthenolide, and secotanoparthenolide, this could conceivably be useful in migraine.

Synonyms:

Actions: Anticancer (1; APA); Antimelanomic (1; APA); Antimitotic (1; APA); Antitumor (1; APA); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Poison (1; DEM).

Indications: Cancer (1; APA; DEM); Cancer, breast (1; APA); Cancer, cervix (1; APA); Cancer, ovary (1; APA); Cancer, skin (1; APA); Debility (f; DEM); Dysuria (f; APA); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Hematuria (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; APA); Melanoma (1; APA); Metastasis (1; APA); Pain (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; APA); Stomachache (f; DEM); Sunburn (f; DEM); Tumor (1; APA); Wound (f; DEM).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP; KOM). Very poisonous plant, causing colic, dry mouth, dyspnea, hypotension, mydriasis, paleness, queasiness, rash, reddening or blueness of the lips, unconsciousness, vertigo, and vomiting. Death may result from asphyxiation and diastolic cardiac arrest. 50–100 g fresh needles can kill an adult (APA; PHR). Fatalities reported from drinking yew tea (APA). Still, Indians ate the berries as food.

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP; KOM). Very poisonous plant, causing colic, dry mouth, dyspnea, hypotension, mydriasis, paleness, queasiness, rash, reddening or blueness of the lips, unconsciousness, vertigo, and vomiting. Death may result from asphyxiation and diastolic cardiac arrest. 50–100 g fresh needles can kill an adult (APA; PHR). Fatalities reported from drinking yew tea (APA). Still, Indians ate the berries as food.

Synonyms: Sophora japonica L., S. japonica f. pendula Zabel.

Actions: Abortifacient (f; DAA); Analgesic (f; LMP); Antibacterial (1; DAA); Anticancer (f; DAA); Antifertility (f; DAA); Antiseptic (1; DAA); Astringent (f; WOI); Emetic (1; DAA; LMP); Estrogenic (1; WBB; WOI); Hemostat (f; DAA); Laxative (f; DAA); Toxic (f; DAA; HHB).

Indications: Apprehension (f; DAA); Bacteria (1; DAA); Bleeding (f; DAA); Burn (f; DAA); Cancer (f; DAA); Cardiopathy (1; FNF); Caries (f; LMP); Childbirth (f; DAA); Circulosis (f; PH2); Conjunctivosis (f; DAA); Constipation (f; DAA); Convulsion (f; DAA); Dermatosis (f; DAA); Dysentery (f; DAA; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; LMP); Enterosis (f; LMP); Epilepsy (f; DAA); Epistaxis (f; DAA); Escherichia (1; DAA); Fever (f; DAA); Gingivosis (f; LMP); Glaucoma (1; FNF); Gonorrhea (f; DAA); Hematemesis (f; DAA); Hemorrhoid (1; DAA; FNF; HHB); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; FNF); Infection (1; DAA); Inflammation (f; PH2); Itch (f; DAA); Leukorrhea (f; DAA); Metrorrhagia (f; DAA); Neurosis (f; DAA; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; DAA); Orchosis (f; DAA); Pain (f; LMP); Scabies (f; LMP); Sore (f; DAA); Staphylococcus (1; DAA); Toothache (f; LMP); Ulcer (f; LMP); VD (f; DAA); Vertigo (f; DAA).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Old reports suggest that chronic ingestion can lead to edema, possibly even death (HHB; PH2). Flowers (with 13 up to 30% rutin) extracted in hot water can yield 80–85% of their rutin (WOI). If true, a gram of dry flower containing 250 mg rutin could yield a tea containing 200 mg rutin, a pharmacologically significant dose, if early Merck indices were correct in suggesting only a daily oral dose of 20 mg/day. Werbach suggests 60 mg/day might help stave off glaucoma.

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Old reports suggest that chronic ingestion can lead to edema, possibly even death (HHB; PH2). Flowers (with 13 up to 30% rutin) extracted in hot water can yield 80–85% of their rutin (WOI). If true, a gram of dry flower containing 250 mg rutin could yield a tea containing 200 mg rutin, a pharmacologically significant dose, if early Merck indices were correct in suggesting only a daily oral dose of 20 mg/day. Werbach suggests 60 mg/day might help stave off glaucoma.

Synonyms:

Actions: Alterative (f; CRC); Analeptic (1; WOI); Anesthetic (1; WOI); Antipyretic (f; KAB); Astringent (f; CRC; KAB); Bronchodilator (1; WOI); Cardiodepressant (f; CRC); Cardiotonic (f; KAB); CNS Stimulant (1; CRC; WOI); Decongestant (1; WOI); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; KAB); Diuretic (f; CRC); Mydriatic (f; CRC); Myodepressant (f; CRC); Respirastimulant (1; WOI); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Uterocontractant (1; WOI); Vasoconstrictor (1; WOI).

Indications: Allergy (f; CRC); Asthma (1; CRC; KAB; SKJ); Bronchosis (f; SKJ); Cold (f; CRC); Congestion (1; WOI); Coryza (f; WOI); Cough (f; CRC); Depression (1; WOI); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Diphtheria (f; KAB); Edema (f; CRC); Emphysema (1; CRC); Enuresis (f; CRC; SKJ); Epilepsy (f; CRC); Eruption (f; CRC); Exophthalmia (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; KAB); Goiter (f; CRC); Hay Fever (1; CRC; SKJ; WOI); Headache (f; CRC); Heart (f; KAB); Hyperemia (1; CRC); Hypotension (f; CRC); Itch (f; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC); Mucososis (f; WOI); Myasthenia gravis (f; CRC); Narcolepsy (1; WOI); Pain (1; WOI); Pertussis (f; CRC); Pneumonia (f; KAB); Rash (f; SKJ); Respirosis (f; KAB); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Rhinosis (1; CRC; WOI); Sinusosis (f; SKJ; WOI); Syphilis (f; KAB); Urticaria (f; CRC); VD (f; CRC).

Dosage: “Classified by the FDA as an Herb of Undefined Safety.” “Used as an antisyphilitic. Also used as an astringent. A Chinese species, Ephedra sinica, called ‘ma-huang’ in China, contains the alkaloid ephedrine, a powerful decongestant.” In large doses, ephedrine causes headache, indigestion, nervousness, flushing, numbing of the extremities, nausea, tingling, palpitations, and vertigo. Contact dermatosis may occur at onset of application or as much as 2 years later. (CRC).

Contraindications: “Classified by the FDA as an Herb of Undefined Safety.” “Used as an antisyphilitic. Also used as an astringent. A Chinese species, Ephedra sinica, called ‘ma-huang’ in China, contains the alkaloid ephedrine, a powerful decongestant.” In large doses, ephedrine causes headache, indigestion, nervousness, flushing, numbing of the extremities, nausea, tingling, palpitations, and vertigo. Contact dermatosis may occur at onset of application or as much as 2 years later. (CRC).

Synonyms: V. tricolor var. hortensis DC.

Actions: Analgesic (1; CEB; WAM); Antiinflammatory (1; PHR; PNC); Antioxidant (1; PHR); Antiseptic (1; CEB); Demulcent (1; WAM); Depurative (f; FAD; FEL; KAB); Diaphoretic (1; HH2); Diuretic (1; FAD; HH2; PNC); Emetic (f; WOI); Expectorant (f; FAD; PNC); Hemolytic (1; HH2; PH2); Laxative (f; FAD; PHR; PH2; WOI); Metabolic Stimulant (f; PHR); Natriuretic (1; HH2; PH2); Sedative (f; FAD); Stimulant (f; KAB); Tineacide (f; KAB); Vulnerary (1; APA).

Indications: Acne (1; APA; HH2; PHR; PH2); Arrhythmia (f; FAD); Asthma (f; FAD); Atherosclerosis (f; HH2); Boil (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; PNC); Cancer (f; JLH); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; FAD); Catarrh (1; FEL; HH2; PHR; PH2); Childbirth (f; HH2); Cold (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Conjunctivosis (f; MIC); Constipation (f; FAD; PHR; PH2; WOI); Cough (f; DEM); Cradle Cap (1; PH2; WAM); Dandruff (1; APA); Dermatosis (2; APA; KAB; PH2; PHR; WAM); Dysentery (f; KAB; WOI); Eczema (1; FAD; HH2; PHR); Endothelioma (f; JLH); Enterosis (f; FEL); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Exanthema (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Fever (1; FAD; HH2; PHR; PH2); Gout (f; HH2); Headache (f; DEM); Impetigo (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (1; PH2; PNC); Insomnia (f; FAD); Itch (f; HH2; PHR); Milk Crust (2; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP); Nervousness (f; FAD); Pain (1; CEB; WAM); Palpitation (f; FAD); Pertussis (f; PHR; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; PHR; PH2); Psoriasis (1; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; HH2); Respirosis (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Rheumatism (f; KAB; PNC); Sarcoma (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; HH2); Seborrhea (2; FEL; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP); Sore Throat (1; FAD; HH2; PH2; WAM); Stomachache (1; WAM); Tinea (f; KAB); Tonsilosis (f; JLH); UTI (f; PH2); Vulvosis (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Wart (2; CEB; PHR).

Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). None known (KOM; WAM). May need the salicylate warning (0.3% salicylic acid) (APA). “Contains saponins, may be toxic in large dose” (FAD). As one of my best sources of rutin (up to 20 mg rutin per edible pansy flower, needs to be verified), this may share some of the many activities of rutin. HH2 still maintains that the flowers contain 23% “Rutoside (Rutin, Viola-Quercitrin),” commenting that the highest levels occur in the white and yellow flowers, with less in blue and violet flowers.

Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). None known (KOM; WAM). May need the salicylate warning (0.3% salicylic acid) (APA). “Contains saponins, may be toxic in large dose” (FAD). As one of my best sources of rutin (up to 20 mg rutin per edible pansy flower, needs to be verified), this may share some of the many activities of rutin. HH2 still maintains that the flowers contain 23% “Rutoside (Rutin, Viola-Quercitrin),” commenting that the highest levels occur in the white and yellow flowers, with less in blue and violet flowers.

Synonyms: C. peltata Hook. & Arn., C. posoposa L., Papaya carica Gaertn.

Actions: Abortifacient (1; VAG; WBB; 60P); Allergenic (1; PHR; PNC); Amebicide (1; TRA); Analgesic (1; PH2; TRA); Antibacterial (1; AAB; APA; TRA); Anticonvulsant (1; TRA; 60P); Antidiptheric (1; TRA); Antiedemic (1; KOM; PH2); Antifertility (1; 60P); Antiimplantation (1; TRA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; PH2; TRA); Antioxidant (1; APA); Antipyretic (f; HHB; JFM; WBB); Antiseptic (1; APA; PH2; TRA; WBB; 60P); Antispasmodic (1; TRA); Antitetanic (1; TRA); Antitumor (1; TRA; 60P); Antiulcer (1; APA; PH2); Ascaricide (1; AAB; WBB); Bronchodilator (1; TRA); Candidicide (1; AAB; APA; TRA); Cardiac (f; WBB); Cardiodepressant (1; AAB); Cardiotonic (1; HHB); Carminative (f; WBB); Chronotropic (1; TRA); Cicatrizant (1;TRA); Contraceptive (1; TRA); Digestive (1; APA; PNC; WAM); Diuretic (1; KOM; TRA; WBB); Embryotoxic (1; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; JFM; PH2; WBB); Fibrinolytic (1; PH2); Fungicide (1; AAB; APA; HHB; TRA); Hypotensive (1; TRA); Immunostimulant (f; APA); Laxative (f; AAB; HHB; JFM; WBB); Myorelaxant (f; 60P); Pectoral (f; JFM); Proteolytic (1; 60P; APA; TRA WBB); Sedative (f; KOM); Taenicide (f; WBB); Teratogenic (1; PH2); Tranquilizer (1; TRA); Uterorelaxant (1; TRA); Vermifuge (1; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA; VAG; WBB; 60P); Vulnerary (1; AAB; PNC).

Indications: Abscess (f; KOM); Adenopathy (f; JLH; KOM); Adnexosis (f; KOM); Aging (f; KOM); Ameba (1; TRA); Anorexia (f; KOM); Anthrax (f; WBB); Ascaris (1; AAB; WBB); Asthma (f; HHB; JFM; WBB); Atherosclerosis (f; KOM); Bacteria (1; AAB; APA; TRA); Boil (f; WBB); Bronchosis (f; JFM; KOM; PH2); Burn (f; KOM; WBB); Callus (f; JFM); Cancer (1; JLH; TRA; 60P); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC); Candida (1; AAB; APA; TRA); Cardiopathy (f; KOM); Cholecystosis (f; KOM); Circulosis (f; KOM); Cold (f; JFM); Conjunctivosis (f; PNC); Constipation (f; AAB; HHB; JFM; KOM; WBB); Convulsion (1; TRA; 60P); Corn (f; AAB; JLH); Cough (f; JFM; PH2); Cramp (1; TRA); Cystosis (f; WBB); Dehydration (f; VAG); Depression (f; KOM); Dermatosis (f; JFM; WBB); Diarrhea (f; JFM); Discosis (1; JAD); Duodenosis (f; PH2); Dyscrasia (f; KOM); Dysentery (f; WBB); Dyspepsia (1; KOM; PH2; PNC; WAM); Dysuria (f; JFM); Earache (f; WBB); Edema (1; KOM; PH2); Enterosis (f; JFM; PHR; PH2; WBB); Fever (f; HHB; JFM; WBB); Fistula (f; KOM); Flu (f; KOM); Fontanelle (f; ZIM); Freckle (f; APA; JFM); Fungus (1; AAB; APA; HHB; TRA); Furuncle (f; TRA); Gas (f; KOM); Gastrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Gonorrhea (1; TRA; VAG; WBB); Heartburn (1; FNF; TGF); Hematoma (f; KOM); Hemorrhoid (f; KOM; PH2; WBB); Hepatosis (f; AAB; JFM; KOM); High Blood Pressure (1; JFM; TRA; WBB); Hodgkin’s Disease (f; KOM); Immunodepression (f; APA); Infection (1; AAB APA; HHB; KOM; PHR; TRA); Infertility (1; APA); Inflammation (1; APA; JFM; KOM; PHR; PH2; TRA); Insomnia (f; KOM); Jaundice (f; WBB); Leukemia (f; KOM); Lymphoma (f; KOM); Malaria (f; JFM); Metastasis (f; KOM); Mycosis (1; AAB; APA; HHB; TRA); Nausea (1; WAM); Nephrosis (f; HHB; WBB); Nervousness (1; KOM; TRA); Neurasthenia (f; KOM); Neurosis (f; KOM); Pain (1; CRC; PH2; TRA); Pancreatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Parasite (1; 60P; PHR; PH2; WAM); Pharyngosis (f; KOM); Phlebitis (f; KOM); Proctosis (f; KOM); Psoriasis (f; APA); Respirosis (f; KOM; WBB); Rheumatism (f; KOM; WBB); Ringworm (1; APA; JFM); Roemeld Syndrome (f; KOM); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Shigella (1; AAB); Sore Throat (f; JFM; KOM); Splenomegaly (f; JFM; WBB); Splenosis (f; JFM); Staphylococcus (1; AAB); Stomatosis (f; KOM); Stone (f; PH2); Swelling (1; KOM; PH2); Syphilis (f; HHB; WBB); Tapeworm (f; WBB); Thirst (f; CRC); Thrombosis (f; KOM); Tuberculosis (1; TRA); Tumor (1; JLH; KOM; TRA; 60P); Ulcer (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Urethrosis (f; KOM; TRA); UTI (f; PH2); Vaginosis (f; APA); Varicosis (f; KOM); VD (f; AAB; JFM; WBB); Wart (f; AAB; JFM; WBB); Water Retention (f; JFM); Worm (1; APA; KOM; PH2; PNC; TRA; VAG; WBB; 60P); Wound (1; KOM; TRA; WBB); Yaws (f; WBB); Yeast (1; AAB; APA; TRA). Commission E, listing more than a dozen folkloric indications, on p. 361, does not even recommend papain, because of insufficient proof of efficacy (KOM).

Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). None known (WAM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Admitting no risks for the leaf, Commission E disallows for lack of proof of efficacy (KOM). May interact with warfarin (PH2). There are reports of perforated esophagus following over ingestion of fruits (APA). Papain can cause severe stomach inflammation if taken internally, dermatosis externally. Allergic reactions including asthma possible (PH2). Not to be used during pregnancy (PH2). See accounts for papain in FNF and KOM. Papaya seeds can reverse sterility without affecting libido or causing other reactions (several studies in rats). Cyanide-papain (like pepsin) renders some virus pustules noninfectious; papain inactivates lethal doses of ricin, strychnine, and tetanus (HHB).

Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). None known (WAM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Admitting no risks for the leaf, Commission E disallows for lack of proof of efficacy (KOM). May interact with warfarin (PH2). There are reports of perforated esophagus following over ingestion of fruits (APA). Papain can cause severe stomach inflammation if taken internally, dermatosis externally. Allergic reactions including asthma possible (PH2). Not to be used during pregnancy (PH2). See accounts for papain in FNF and KOM. Papaya seeds can reverse sterility without affecting libido or causing other reactions (several studies in rats). Cyanide-papain (like pepsin) renders some virus pustules noninfectious; papain inactivates lethal doses of ricin, strychnine, and tetanus (HHB).

Synonyms: Morus papyrifera L., Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze.

Actions: Aldose-Reductase Inhibitor (1; X11678652); Antiaggregant (1; X11678652); Anticancer (1; X11678652); Antioxidant (1; X11678652); Antiproliferant (1; X9358644); Antiseptic (1; WO2); Aromatase Inhibitor (1; X11678652); Diaphoretic (f; DAA); Diuretic (f; DAA); Estrogenic (1; X11678652); Fungicide (1; X11678652); Hemostat (f; DAA); Hepatoprotective (1; X11678652); Lactagogue (f; DAA); Laxative (f; DAA); Protein-Kinase-C Inhibitor (1; X9059855); Stimulant (f; DAA); Stomachic (f; DAA); Tonic (f; DAA).

Indications: Ascites (f; LMP); Bite (f; DAA); Bleeding (f; DAA); Cancer (1; X11678652); Cancer, breast (1; X11678652); Cancer, prostate (1; X11678652); Constipation (f; DAA); Dropsy (f; LMP); Dysentery (f; DAA); Dyslactea (f; DAA); Eczema (f; DAA); Epistaxis (f; DAA); Fungus (1; X11678652); Gonorrhea (f; DAA); Hepatosis (1; X11678652); Impotence (f; DAA; X11678652); Infection (1; X11678652); Menorrhagia (f; LMP); Mycosis (1; X11678652); Nephrosis (f; DAA); Ophthalmia (f; X11678652); Snakebite (f; DAA); VD (f; DAA); Wound (f; DAA).

Dosage:

Contraindications:

Synonyms:

Actions: Anesthetic (1; PH2); Anticonvulsant (1; FNF); Antipyretic (f; DAV; HHB); Antiseptic (f; EFS); Aperient (f; EFS); Bitter (1; PH2); Curare (1; DAV); Diuretic (f; DAV; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; DAV; HHB; PH2); Hypotensive (1; FNF); Litholytic (f; HHB); Myoparalytic (1; PH2); Myorelaxant (1; PH2); Toxic (1; EFS).

Indications: Bite (f; PH2); Bladder Stone (f; HHB); BPH (f; PH2); Bruise (f; DAV); Convulsion (1; FNF); Cramp (1; FNF); Dropsy (f; DAV); Cystosis (f; HHB); Dropsy (f; HAD); Edema (f; DAV); Fever (f; DAV; HHB); Gonorrhea (f; HAD); High Blood Pressure (1; FNF); Inflammation (f; PH2); Jaundice (f; HAD); Kidney Stone (f; DAV; HHB); Leukorrhea (f; HAD); Madness (f; DAV); Nephrosis (f; DAV); Orchosis (f; DAV); Pain (1; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HAD); Snakebite (f; PH2); Stone (f; HHB); Swelling (f; CTD); Tetanus (1; FNF); Tonic (f; HAD); Urethrosis (f; HHB); UTI (f; PH2); VD (f; HAD).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (not given) (PH2). Overdoses of tubocurarine (and other curare alkaloids) can cause respiratory paralysis and hypotension. LD50’s are less than 1 mg/kg, 0.56 subcutaneously in mice, 0.5 intraperitoneally, and 0.18 intravenously in mice, and 0.2 mg/kg ivn in rabbits. An injection of neostigmine methylsulfate is suggested as an antidote (HAD).

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (not given) (PH2). Overdoses of tubocurarine (and other curare alkaloids) can cause respiratory paralysis and hypotension. LD50’s are less than 1 mg/kg, 0.56 subcutaneously in mice, 0.5 intraperitoneally, and 0.18 intravenously in mice, and 0.2 mg/kg ivn in rabbits. An injection of neostigmine methylsulfate is suggested as an antidote (HAD).

Synonyms:

Actions: Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC); Toxic (f; CRC).

Indications: Dermatosis (f; DAV); Divination (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; DAV); Fungus (f; DAV); Gastrosis (f; DAV); Malaria (f; DAV); Mycosis (f; DAV); Scabies (f; DAV).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PHR). The intoxicating snuff has led occasionally to death of a shaman (CRC).

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PHR). The intoxicating snuff has led occasionally to death of a shaman (CRC).

Synonyms: Apium crispum Mill., A. petroselinum L., Carum petroselinum (L.) Benth. & Hook. f., Petroselinum hortense auct., P. sativum Hoffm., P. vulgare Lag.

Actions: Abortifacient (1; CRC; FNF; JFM; PH2); Allergenic (1; HH2); Analgesic (f; MAD); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antihalitosic (1; APA; PED); Antihistaminic (1; PNC); Antiinflammatory (1; PNC; SHT); Antilactagogue (f; FEL); Antioxidant (1; PNC); Antipyretic (1; CRC; PED; PNC); Antirheumatic (f; CAN); Antiseptic (1; APA; CAN; CRC); Antispasmodic (f; BGB; CAN; PNC); Aperient (f; PNC); Aphrodisiac (f; JFM; MAD); Aquaretic (1; SHT); Carminative (1; BGB; PED; PNC); COX-2-Inhibitor (1; CRC; FNF); Digestive (f; PHR; PH2); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; FEL; PHR; PH2); Emmenagogue (1; APA; CAN; PHR; PH2); Expectorant (f; BGB; CAN); Fungicide (1; APA); Hallucinogen (1; CAN); Hepatotonic (1; CAN; PED); Hypotensive (1; CAN; CRC; PED); Hypouricemic (f; JFM); Lactagogue (1; APA); Laxative (f; CRC; PED); Litholytic (1; CRC; MAD; PED); MAOI (1; CAN); Parasiticide (f; APA); Pediculicide (f; APA; MAD); Propecic (f; MAD); Sedative (1; PNC); Tonic (1; CAN; CRC); Urinary Tonic (1; PED); Uterocontractant (1; PH2); Uterotonic (1; APA; CAN; PH2).

Indications: Adenopathy (f; FEL; JLH); Alopecia (f; APA); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Amenorrhea (1; APA; CAN; HH2); Anuria (f; MAD); Arthrosis (1; APA; COX; FNF); Asthma (f; PED); Backache (f; MAD); Bacteria (1; APA); Bite (f; CRC; HH2); Bladder Stone (2; PHR; PH2); Bleeding (f; JFM); Bronchosis (f; CAN); Bruise (f; APA; FEL); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, bladder (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, eye (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, gland (f; FNF; JLH); Cancer, kidney (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, sinew (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uvula (1; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; APA); Catarrh (f; MAD); Childbirth (1; APA; FNF; JFM; MAD); Cold (f; APA); Colic (1; APA; CAN); Condyloma (f; CRC; JLH); Congestion (f; APA); Constipation (f; CRC; PED); Cough (f; CAN; MAD); Cramp (f; BGB; CAN; PNC); Cystosis (f; CAN; MAD; PH2); Dermatosis (f; APA); Dropsy (f; CRC; FEL; PED); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dyslactea (1; APA; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (1; HH2; PED; PH2); Dyspepsia (1; APA; BGB; CAN); Dysuria (2; BGB; CAN; KOM); Earache (f; MAD); Edema (f; HH2; JFM); Enterosis (f; CAN; PH2); Exanthema (f; FEL); Fever (1; CRC; FEL; PED; PNC); Fungus (1; APA); Gallstone (1; CRC; PED); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; FEL; MAD); Gravel (2; BGB; CRC; KOM; PH2); Halitosis (1; APA; PED); Hepatosis (f; APA; MAD); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PED); Hyperuricemia (f; JFM); Impotence (f; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; APA); Inflammation (1; PH2; PNC; SHT); Insomnia (1; PNC); Jaundice (f; CRC; HH2; PHR; PH2); Kidney Stone (2; APA; KOM; PH2); Lice (1; CRC; MAD); Malaria (f; FEL); Mastosis (f; FEL); Myalgia (f; CAN); Mycosis (1; APA); Nephrosis (f; CRC; JFM; PHR; PH2); Nervousness (1; PNC); Pain (f; MAD); Parasite (1; APA; CRC); Pediculosis (1; APA; CRC); Rheumatism (f; BGB; CAN; MAD); Scarlatina (f; FEL); Scrofula (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; APA; MAD); Stomachache (f; APA); Stone (1; CRC; MAD; PED; PH2); Strangury (f; FEL); Swelling (f; CRC; JFM; MAD); Toothache (f; MAD); Tumor (f; APA; CRC); Urethrosis (f; MAD); Uterosis (f; CRC); UTI (2; APA; PHR; PH2); VD (f; FEL); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Whitlow (f; CRC); Wound (f; JLH).

Dosage: Class 2b. Contraindicated in nephrosis (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E approves the herb and root, not the seed (fruit) (KOM). CAN cautions that the apiole in the volatile oil and excessive ingestion can be abortifacient, irritant, phototoxic, and cause hepatosis. In pregnancy and lactation, parsley should not be ingested excessively (CAN). Myristicin can cause deafness, decrease in pulse rate, giddiness, hypotension, and paralysis, followed by fatty degeneration of the kidney and liver. Myristicin may cross the placenta, leading to fetal tachycardia. Ingestion of 10 g apiole (200 g parsley) may cause acute hemolytic anemia, hepatic dysfunction, nephrosis, and thrombocytopenia pupura (CAN). Parsley may potentiate MAOI activity (CAN). Because of its toxicity, EO should not be used in isolation (KOM). Commission E is rather tough on parsley seed oil, but the indictment, overblown or not, might conceivably be extended to other herbs containing apiole and myristicin. Of apiole, “Large doses of parsley-seed EO and of ... apiol bring about vascular congestion and increased contractility of the smooth muscle of the bladder, intestines, and especially the uterus. Parsley seed and oil are therefore often used to bring about abortion.” (BIS) The renal epithelium can be damaged or irritated and cardiac arrhythmias can occur after using parsley seed preparations (BIS). “Large doses of apiol can lead to fatty liver, emaciation, extensive mucosal bleeding, and inflammatory haemorrhagic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract, haemoglobinuria, methaeglobinuria, and anuria. Therapeutic use cannot be endorsed” (Commission E, as interpreted by Bisset, 1994). Commission E reports contraindications: pregnancy and nephrosis; adverse effects: allergic reactions of skin/mucosae (rarely) and phototoxicity. The pure oil is toxic and should not be used. Fruit not permitted for therapeutic use. The EO and its constituent apiole are toxic (AEH). When parsley is decocted it is emmenagogue and abortive. A young woman, in 1992, reportedly died while trying to abort. “Even the common parsley mentioned earlier can cause serious injuries; oedema of the legs, vomiting, haematuria, liver and renal damage have all been observed. However, poisoning by this plant is never accidental, but always voluntary, so the plant can be used safely in preparing food” (FIT67(6):513. 1996).

Contraindications: Class 2b. Contraindicated in nephrosis (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E approves the herb and root, not the seed (fruit) (KOM). CAN cautions that the apiole in the volatile oil and excessive ingestion can be abortifacient, irritant, phototoxic, and cause hepatosis. In pregnancy and lactation, parsley should not be ingested excessively (CAN). Myristicin can cause deafness, decrease in pulse rate, giddiness, hypotension, and paralysis, followed by fatty degeneration of the kidney and liver. Myristicin may cross the placenta, leading to fetal tachycardia. Ingestion of 10 g apiole (200 g parsley) may cause acute hemolytic anemia, hepatic dysfunction, nephrosis, and thrombocytopenia pupura (CAN). Parsley may potentiate MAOI activity (CAN). Because of its toxicity, EO should not be used in isolation (KOM). Commission E is rather tough on parsley seed oil, but the indictment, overblown or not, might conceivably be extended to other herbs containing apiole and myristicin. Of apiole, “Large doses of parsley-seed EO and of ... apiol bring about vascular congestion and increased contractility of the smooth muscle of the bladder, intestines, and especially the uterus. Parsley seed and oil are therefore often used to bring about abortion.” (BIS) The renal epithelium can be damaged or irritated and cardiac arrhythmias can occur after using parsley seed preparations (BIS). “Large doses of apiol can lead to fatty liver, emaciation, extensive mucosal bleeding, and inflammatory haemorrhagic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract, haemoglobinuria, methaeglobinuria, and anuria. Therapeutic use cannot be endorsed” (Commission E, as interpreted by Bisset, 1994). Commission E reports contraindications: pregnancy and nephrosis; adverse effects: allergic reactions of skin/mucosae (rarely) and phototoxicity. The pure oil is toxic and should not be used. Fruit not permitted for therapeutic use. The EO and its constituent apiole are toxic (AEH). When parsley is decocted it is emmenagogue and abortive. A young woman, in 1992, reportedly died while trying to abort. “Even the common parsley mentioned earlier can cause serious injuries; oedema of the legs, vomiting, haematuria, liver and renal damage have all been observed. However, poisoning by this plant is never accidental, but always voluntary, so the plant can be used safely in preparing food” (FIT67(6):513. 1996).