| English Name | Botanical Name | More Info |
|---|---|---|
| BLETILLA, HARDY ORCHID | Bletilla striata (Thunb | |
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Synonyms: Bletia hyacinthina (J. E. Smith) R. Br.; Cymbidium hyacinthinum J. E. Smith; Epidendrum tuberosum Lour.; Limodorum striatum Thunb. Actions: Antibacterial (1; FAY); Antitussive (f; FAY); Astringent (f; FAY); Bechic (f; LMP); Bitter (f; FAY); Demulcent (f; FAY); Embolizer (1; X9387329); Expectorant (1; FAY); Insecticide (1; LMP); Pulmonotonic (f; LMP). Indications: Ague (f; LMP); Bacteria (1; FAY); Bleeding (1; FAY); Bronchosis (f; FAY); Burn (f; FAY); Cancer (f; FAY); Cancer, liver (1; X9324524); Carbuncle (f; FAY); Chafing (f; FAY); Chilblain (f; FAY); Cirrhosis (1; X9324524); Cough (f; FAY); Dermatosis (f; LMP); Duodenosis (f; FAY); Dysentery (f; FAY; LMP); Dyspepsia (f; FAY; LMP); Enterosis (f; FAY); Epistaxis (f; FAY); Fever (f; LMP); Gastrosis (f; FAY); Hematemesis (f; FAY); Hematuria (f; FAY); Hemoptysis (f; FAY); Hemorrhoid (f; LMP); Hepatosis (1; X9324524); Infection (1; FAY); Inflammation (f; FAY); Proctosis (f; FAY); Pulmonosis (f; FAY; LMP); Scald (f; FAY); Silicosis (1; FAY); Sore (f; FAY); Swelling (f; FAY; LMP); Trachosis (f; FAY); Tuberculosis (f; FAY; LMP); Ulcer (1; FAY). Dosage: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Not for use in chronic lung ailments. Large or frequent dosage can become toxic. Take root only with medical supervision (FAY). Contraindications: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Not for use in chronic lung ailments. Large or frequent dosage can become toxic. Take root only with medical supervision (FAY). |
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| BLOODROOT | Sanguinaria canadensis | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Abortifacient (f; CEB; DEM); Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; DEM; APA); Anesthetic (1; CRC); Antibacterial (1; APA); Anticholinesterase (1; HH3); Antiedemic (1; HH3); Antiemetic (f; DEM); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; HH3); Antiplaque (1; PHR; PH2); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (1; APA; CAN; PHR; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; CAN); Antitumor (1; APA; COX; FNF); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC); Arteriosedative (f; CRC); Bradycardic (f; CRC); Cardioactive (f; CAN; DEM; HH3); Cholagogue (1; FEL); COX-2-Inhibitor (1; COX; FNF); Decongestant(f; APA); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CEB; CRC); Diuretic (f; CEB; CRC); Emetic (1; APA; CAN; PHR; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Escharotic (1; CAN; HOX); Expectorant (f; APA; CAN; HH3; PHR); Laxative (f; CAN; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC; PHR); Paralytic (1; PHR); Positive Inotropic (1; HH3); Rubefacient (f; CRC); Secretagogue (1; FEL); Sedative (f; CRC); Spasmogenic (1; PHR); Sternutator (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; DEM); Vermifuge (f; CRC; DEM). Indications: Adenopathy (1; CRC; FNF); Alcoholism (f; CRC); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF; HH3); Anemia (f; CRC; FEL); Aphonia (f; CRC); Arthrosis (1; APA; COX; CRC); Asthma (f; CAN; CRC; FEL; HH3); Bacteria (1; APA); Bleeding (f; DEM); Blepharosis (f; CRC); Bronchosis (1; CAN; CRC; HH3); Burn (f; CRC; DEM); Cancer (1; APA; COX; HOX); Cancer, breast (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, ear (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, nose (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; COX; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; CRC; JLH); Candida (f; HH3); Cardiopathy (f; DEM); Catarrh (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Chest Ache (f; CRC); Childbirth (f; CRC); Chlorosis (f; FEL); Cold (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Congestion (f; APA); Constipation (f; CRC; DEM); Cough (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Cramp (f; CAN; DEM); Croup (1; CAN; CRC; DEM; FEL); Deafness (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; FEL); Debility (f; DEM; FEL); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Diphtheria (f; CRC); Divination (f; CRC); Duodenosis (f; FEL); Dysentery (1; CRC; FEL; FNF); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; DEM; HH3); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Ear (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC; FEL); Enterosis (f; DEM); Escherichia (1; HH3); Fever (f; APA; CEB; CRC); Fits (f; DEM); Flu (f; CRC); Flush (f; CRC); Frigidity (f; CRC); Fungus (f; CEB; FEL); Gall (f; DEM); Gas (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; CRC; FEL); Gleet (f; CRC); Gingivosis (1; APA; PH2); Glossosis (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (f; CRC); Halitosis (1; APA); Headache (f; CEB; CRC; FEL); Head Cold (f; CEB; DEM); Hemoptysis (f; CRC; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; DEM); Hepatosis (f; CRC; DEM); Hysteria (f; FEL); Impotence (f; FEL); Infection (f; HH3); Inflammation (1; APA; FEL; HH3); Insomnia (f; CRC); Keratosis (f; CRC); Laryngosis (f; CRC; FEL; HH3); Melanoma (1; HOX); Migraine (f; CRC); Mucososis (f; FEL); Mycosis (1; APA; FEL); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (1; CRC; DEM; APA); Periodontosis (1; FNF; JAD); Pertussis (f; CEB; CRC; FEL); Pharyngosis (1; CAN; CRC; FNF; HH3); Phthisis (f; FEL); Plaque (1; CRC); Pneumonia (f; CRC; FEL); Polyp (1; CAN; CEB; DEM; HOX); Pulmonosis (f; CEB; DEM); Quinsy (f; CRC); Respirosis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Rhinosis (f; CRC; HH3); Ringworm (f; FEL); Salmonella (1; HH3); Scarlatina (f; CRC; FEL); Scrofula (f; FEL); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (1; APA; CRC; FEL); Spermatorrhea (f; FEL); Staphylococcus (1; HH3); Stomachache (f; DEM); Streptococcus (1; HH3); Swelling (1; HH3); Syncope (f; DEM); Syphilis (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Tinnitus (f; CRC); Toothache (1; CRC); Tracheosis (f; FEL); Tuberculosis (1; CEB; CRC; DEM); Tumor (1; APA; COX; CRC; FNF); Typhoid (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; DEM); Vaginosis (1; CRC; FNF); VD (f; CRC); Vomiting (f; DEM); Water Retention (f; CEB; CRC); Whitlow (f; CRC); Worm (f; CRC; DEM); Wound (f; DEM); Yeast (1; HH3). Dosage: Class 2b. May cause nausea and vomiting. Powerful emesis may result from doses as low as 1 g (AHP) (0.03 g; i.e., 30 mg) (PHR). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). PH2 does state that overdoses can cause colic, diarrhea enterosis, vomiting, and possible collapse (PH2). And CAN are sanguine about sanguinarine, no side effects or toxicity documented for bloodroot. Carcinogenic potential of sanguinarinehas been recently disproven. Hepatotoxicity has not been noted in toxicity studies with oral administration of sanguinarine. Human patch tests indicate it is nonirritant and nonsensitizing. Animal studies indicate it is also nonallergenic and shows no anaphylactic potential. Still, they say, “Use of bloodroot during pregnancy and lactation is best avoided. Oral rinses and toothpastes containing either sanguinaria extracts, or sanguinarine, may be of value in dental hygiene, and are of low toxicity†(CAN). The suspected glaucomagenic activity of sanguinarine has been disputed and the toxicity of A. mexicana oil has been attributed to a fatty acid constituent rather than sanguinarine. Canadians do not allow in food (Blackburn, 1993). May interfere with glaucoma medications (AHP). Contraindications: Class 2b. May cause nausea and vomiting. Powerful emesis may result from doses as low as 1 g (AHP) (0.03 g; i.e., 30 mg) (PHR). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). PH2 does state that overdoses can cause colic, diarrhea enterosis, vomiting, and possible collapse (PH2). And CAN are sanguine about sanguinarine, no side effects or toxicity documented for bloodroot. Carcinogenic potential of sanguinarinehas been recently disproven. Hepatotoxicity has not been noted in toxicity studies with oral administration of sanguinarine. Human patch tests indicate it is nonirritant and nonsensitizing. Animal studies indicate it is also nonallergenic and shows no anaphylactic potential. Still, they say, “Use of bloodroot during pregnancy and lactation is best avoided. Oral rinses and toothpastes containing either sanguinaria extracts, or sanguinarine, may be of value in dental hygiene, and are of low toxicity†(CAN). The suspected glaucomagenic activity of sanguinarine has been disputed and the toxicity of A. mexicana oil has been attributed to a fatty acid constituent rather than sanguinarine. Canadians do not allow in food (Blackburn, 1993). May interfere with glaucoma medications (AHP). |
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| BLUEBERRY | Vaccinium angustifolia Aiton and corymbosum | |
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Synonyms: V. brittonii Porter ex C. Bicknell, V. lamarckii Camp, V. pennsylvanicum Lam.; V. constablaei A. Gray. Actions: Analgesic (1; FAD); Antiaging (1; JNU); Antiinflammatory (1; JNU); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Apoptotic (1; JNU); Astringent (1; APA); Cerebrotonic (1; JNU); Depurative (1; DEM; FAD); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Emmenagogue (f; DEM); Hypocholesterolemic (f; JNU); Memorigenic (1; JNU); Neuronogenic (1; JNU). Indications: Alzheimer’s (1; JNU); Arthrosis (1; JNU); Cancer (1; JNU); Cardiopathy (1; JNU); Cerebrosis (1; JNU); Childbirth (1; FAD; JNU); Colic (1; DEM; FAD); Dementia (1; JNU); Diarrhea (1; APA; FAD; JNU); Enterosis (1; APA); High Cholesterol (1; JNU); Inflammation (1; APA; JNU); Miscarriage (1; FAD); Mucososis (1; APA); Pain (1; FAD); Pharyngosis (1; APA); Sore Throat (1; APA); Stomatosis (1; APA); Stress (1; JNU); Stroke (1; JNU); UTI (1; JUN). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). None reported for the berry. Extracts (Blueberry) — Wild blueberries may have 25–30 different anthocyanins in high concentrations. Cooking damages the anthocyanins (JNU). Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp. have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active substances (X1332092). Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). None reported for the berry. Extracts (Blueberry) — Wild blueberries may have 25–30 different anthocyanins in high concentrations. Cooking damages the anthocyanins (JNU). Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp. have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active substances (X1332092). |
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| BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER | Lobelia siphilitica | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Antirheumatic (f; DEM); Antitussive (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; FAD); Diuretic (f; FAD); Poison (f; FAD). Indications: Cold (f; FAD); Cough (f; FAD); Croup (f; DEM; FAD); Dyspepsia (f; FAD); Epistaxis (f; DEM; FAD); Fever (f; DEM; FAD); Gastrosis (f; DEM; FAD); Headache (f; FAD); Sore (f; DEM; FAD); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Syphilis (f; DEM; FAD); Water Retention (f; FAD); Worm (f; DEM; FAD). Dosage: Contraindications: |
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| BLUE COHOSH | Caulophyllum thalictroides | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Abortifacient (f; CAN; PH2); Antiedemic (1; CAN; PNC); Antifertility (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; FAD; PNC); Antipyretic (f; APA); Antiseptic (1; APA; PED); Antispasmodic (1; APA; CAN; FAD; PH2); Antirheumatic (1; CAN); Bitter (1; APA; PED); Contraceptive (1; APA; CRC; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; APA; CRC); Diuretic (f; APA; CRC); Emetic (f; DEM; FAD); Emmenagogue (1; APA; CRC); Estrogenic (1; FAD; PED; PH2); Expectorant (f; APA; CRC); Fungicide (1; PED); Hyperglycemic (1; FAD); Hypertensive (1; APA; FAD; PED); Hypoglycemic (1; APA); Laxative (f; CRC; PED); Nicotinic (1; PH2); Parturifacient (f; CRC); Phagocytotic (1; PNC); Spasmogenic (1; APA); Tonic (f; DEM); Uterotonic (1; APA; FAD; PED); Vasoconstrictor (f; PED); Vermifuge (f; CRC). Indications: Amenorrhea (f; CAN; CRC; PH2); Anxiety (f; APA); Arthrosis (1; APA); Asthma (f; APA); Atony (f; PH2); Barrenness (f; CRC); Biliousness (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Childbirth (f; APA; FAD; PH2); Cholasma (f; CRC); Cholera (f; CRC); Cholera Morbus (f; CRC); Colic (f; APA; CRC); Conception (f; CRC); Constipation (f; CRC; PED); Convulsion (f; CRC); Cough (f; APA); Cramp (1; APA; CAN; DEM; FAD; PH2); Dehydration (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; DEM); Edema (1; CAN); Enterosis (f; FAD); Epilepsy (f; APA; CRC); Fever (f; APA; CRC; FAD; DEM); Fits (f; DEM); Fungus (1; PED); Gallstone (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Gout (f; CRC); Hemoptysis (f; DEM); Hiccup (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (f; APA); Hyperglycemia (1; APA); Hypoglycemia (1; FAD); Hysteria (f; CRC; DEM); Infection (1; PED); Inflammation (1; APA; DEM; FAD; PNC); Leukorrhea (f; CRC); Low Blood Pressure (1; APA; FAD; PED);Metrorrhagia (f; CRC); Miscarriage (Preventive) (f; CAN; PH2); Mycosis (1; PED); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Ovaries (f; CRC); Pain (f; CAN; CRC; DEM); Parturition (f; CRC; DEM); Pityriasis (f; CRC); Poison Ivy (f; DEM); Pregnancy (f; CRC); Pulmonosis (f; DEM; FAD); Rheumatism (1; APA; CAN; CRC; DEM; PNC; PH2); Senile Dementia (f; APA); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stomatosis (f; CRC); Swelling (1; CAN; PNC); Toothache (f; DEM); Uterine Atony (f; CAN); Uterine Cramp (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; CRC; PH2); UTI (f; APA; FAD); Vaginosis (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; APA; CRC); Womb (f; DEM); Worm (1; APA; CRC; PED; PH2); Yeast (f; PED). Dosage: Class 2b (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). CAN caution that the poisonous seeds will irritate the GI tract. Because it is reputed to be abortifacient and to affect the menstrual cycle, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. May interfere with angina therapy (CAN). Anagyrines may be teratogenic (PHR). Canadian regulations do not allow blue cohosh as a nonmedicinal ingredient for oral use products (Michols, 1995). The alcoholic extract was uterotonic in guinea pig; caulosaponin is oxytocic to rat uterus in vivo; even low-potency homeopathic produce follicular and endometrial changes likened to inhibition of ovulation; administration of this homeopathic preparation interrupted implantation (De Smet et al., 1993). Contraindications: Class 2b (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). CAN caution that the poisonous seeds will irritate the GI tract. Because it is reputed to be abortifacient and to affect the menstrual cycle, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. May interfere with angina therapy (CAN). Anagyrines may be teratogenic (PHR). Canadian regulations do not allow blue cohosh as a nonmedicinal ingredient for oral use products (Michols, 1995). The alcoholic extract was uterotonic in guinea pig; caulosaponin is oxytocic to rat uterus in vivo; even low-potency homeopathic produce follicular and endometrial changes likened to inhibition of ovulation; administration of this homeopathic preparation interrupted implantation (De Smet et al., 1993). |
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| BLUE FLAG | Iris versicolor | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Alterative (f; CRC; PNC); Analgesic (f; DEM; FAD); Anorectic (1; PNC); Antidermatotic (f; CAN); Antidote (f; MIC); Antiemetic (f; CAN); Antiinflammatory (f; CAN); Antiobesity (1; PNC); Catabolic (f; CRC); Cholagogue (f; CAN; DEM; MAD); Depurative (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CAN; CRC; MAD); Emetic (f; CRC; MAD; MIC); Hepatotonic (1; MAD); Laxative (1; CAN; CRC; DEM; FAD; PNC); Poison (f; DEM); Resolvent (f; CRC); Sialagogue (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC; PNC). Indications: Allergy (f; DEM); Amenorrhea (f; MAD); Biliousness (f; CAN; CRC); Bruise (f; DEM; FAD); Burn (f; DEM); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; MAD); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cholecystosis (f; MAD); Cholera (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM); Constipation (1; CAN; CRC; FAD); Dermatosis (f; CAN; CRC); Diabetes (f; CRC; MAD); Diarrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Dropsy (f; CRC; MAD); Duodenosis (f; MAD); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC); Felon (f; JLH); Fistula (f; CRC); Gallstone (f; DEM; MAD); Gastrosis (f; CRC; MAD); Headache (f; CRC; MAD); Heartburn (f; MAD); Hemicrania (f; CRC; HHB); Hepatosis (f; CAN; CRC; DEM); Herpes (f; CRC); Impetigo (f; CRC); Infertility (f; DEM); Inflammation (f; CAN; DEM); Jaundice (f; MAD); Malaria (f; MAD); Migraine (f; CRC; FAD; MAD); Morning Sickness (f; CRC); Nausea (f; CRC; MAD); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Neuralgia (f; CRC; MAD); Obesity (1; CRC; PNC); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Otosis (f; DEM); Pain (f; CRC; DEM; FAD); Pancreatosis (f; CRC); Parotosis (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; CRC); Psoriasis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC; DEM; FAD); Salivation (f; CRC);Sciatica (f; CRC); Scrofula (f; CRC; DEM); Sore (f; DEM; FAD; MAD); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Spermatorrhea (f; CRC); Stomachache (f; CRC); Swelling (f; DEM; FAD); Syphilis (f; CRC); Tumor (f; JLH); VD (f; CRC); Vomiting (f; CAN); Water Retention (f; CAN; CRC; MAD); Whitlow (f; CRC); Wound (f; DEM). Dosage: Class 2b, 2d. May cause nausea and vomiting. Fresh root may irritate mucosa (AHP). Fresh root and its furfural (volatile oil) may cause nausea, vomiting, and may irritate the GI tract and eyes (CAN). Furfural irritates the mucous membranes, causing lacrimation, inflammation of the eyes, irritation of the throat, and headache. Because of the irritant oil, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Recent exchanges I have seen indicate that the fresh root makes proportionately much more potent and toxic solutions than the dry ones, which being much weaker, are taken in larger doses. The information provided me said that naturopaths may tend to work with the drier roots and larger doses. Then, when someone gets a fresh herbal tincture and takes the same dose, irritation and nausea can result. LD50 of furfural, 127 mg/kg (CAN). Iridine poisonous to humans and livestock, hepatotonic in animals. Reduced intake of food in rats (MAD; PNC). Contraindications: Class 2b, 2d. May cause nausea and vomiting. Fresh root may irritate mucosa (AHP). Fresh root and its furfural (volatile oil) may cause nausea, vomiting, and may irritate the GI tract and eyes (CAN). Furfural irritates the mucous membranes, causing lacrimation, inflammation of the eyes, irritation of the throat, and headache. Because of the irritant oil, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Recent exchanges I have seen indicate that the fresh root makes proportionately much more potent and toxic solutions than the dry ones, which being much weaker, are taken in larger doses. The information provided me said that naturopaths may tend to work with the drier roots and larger doses. Then, when someone gets a fresh herbal tincture and takes the same dose, irritation and nausea can result. LD50 of furfural, 127 mg/kg (CAN). Iridine poisonous to humans and livestock, hepatotonic in animals. Reduced intake of food in rats (MAD; PNC). |
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| BOGBEAN | Menyanthes trifoliata | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Anabolic (f; DEM); Antiedemic (1; FNF); Antihemorrhagic (1; FAD); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antileukotriene (1; FNF); Antimelanomic (1; JAD); Antiprostaglandin (1; FNF); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (f; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; APA); Aperitif (1; APA; CEB; DAW; EFS); Astringent (f; FEL); Bitter (2; JAD; PHR); Cholagogue (f; DAW; EFS); Choleretic (1; APA; CAN; FAD); Deobstruent (f; DAW; EFS; PNC); Depurative (f; DAW; EFS); Diaphoretic (f; CEB; DAW); Digestive (1; APA; FAD); Diuretic (f; CAN; CEB; DAW); Emetic (1; CAN; CEB; DAW; EFS); Emmenagogue (f; CEB); Gastrostimulant (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Hemolytic (1; CAN); Hepatoprotective (1; APA); Hypnotic (f; DAW; EFS); Hypoglycemic (f; MAD); Intoxicant (f; DAW); Laxative (1; APA; CAN; DAW; EFS; FEL); Narcotic (f; DAW; EFS; WOI); Nervine (f; DAW; EFS); Sedative (f; DAW; EFS); Sialagogue (2; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2); Stomachic (1; CAN; DAW); Tonic (1; DEM; DEP; DAW; FAD; FEL); Vermifuge (f; DAW). Indications: Ague (f; CEB); Amenorrhea (f; MAD; PH2); Anemia (f; MAD); Anorexia (2; APA; CEB; DAW; EFS; KOM; PHR; PH2); Aposteme (f; JLH); Arthrosis (f; CAN; MAD); Asthenia (f; CAN); Bacteria (1; ABS); Bleeding (1; FAD); Cachexia (f; FEL); Cacoethes (f; JLH); Cancer (f; CEB; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, intestine (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; FNF; HHB; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; HHB); Cholera (f; MAD); Cold (f; MAD); Constipation (f; APA; DAW; DEM); Cough (f; CEB; HHB); Cramp (1; APA); Dermatosis (f; APA; CEB; FAD); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (f; CEB); Dropsy (f; FAD; FEL); Dry Mouth (2; APA; KOM; PHR); Dysmenorrhea (f; MAD); Dyspepsia (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Edema (1; FNF; PH2); Endothelioma (f; JLH); Enterosis (f; JLH; PH2); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Fever (f; APA; CEB; DAW; EFS; FAD; FEL); Flu (f; DEM); Furuncle (f; PH2); Gas (f; DEM; HHB; MAD); Gastrosis (1; MAD; PH2); Glomerulonephrosis (f; ABS; FNF); Gout (f; CEB; PH2; MAD); Headache (f; MAD; PH2); Heartburn (f; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; CEB; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; MAD); Hepatosis (1; APA; CEB; FAD; JLH); Hyperacidity (f; MAD); Hyperglycemia (f; MAD); Hypochondria (f; MAD); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (1; APA; FNF); Insomnia (f; DAW; EFS; PH2); Jaundice (f; MAD; PH2); Lethargy (1; DEM; FAD); Malaria (f; APA; FEL; PH2); Melanoma (1; FNF; JAD); Migraine (f; HHB); Nephrosis (f; ABS; FNF); Nervousness (f; DAW; EFS; MAD); Neuralgia(f; MAD); Otosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; CEB; DEM); Rheumatism (f; APA; CAN; CEB; DEM; FEL); Sarcoma (f; JLH); Scabies (f; PH2); Scrofula (f; CEB; MAD); Seasickness (f; MAD); Sore (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; HHB; PH2); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stone (f; HHB); Stress (f; EFS); Swelling (1; FNF); Trigeminal Neuralgia (f; MAD); Tuberculosis (f; HHB; MAD); Uterosis (f; FEL); Water Retention (f; CAN; CEB; DAW; MAD); Worm (f; APA; CEB; DAW; FAD; FEL); Wound (f; MAD). Dosage: AHP Class 2b, 2d (JAD). None known (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Not for patients with colitis, diarrhea, or dysentery (PH2). Should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation (CAN). Large doses may induce diarrhea, gripping pain, nausea, and vomiting (CAN; PH2). Unidentified hemolytic principle. Large doses are emetic and laxative. Betulinic acid is a promising antimelanomic compound. Europeans report success in treating glomerulnephrosis. Decoctions show dose-dependent antiedemic, antiinflammatory, antileukotriene, and antiprostaglandin activity; induced exocytosis. Contraindications: AHP Class 2b, 2d (JAD). None known (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Not for patients with colitis, diarrhea, or dysentery (PH2). Should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation (CAN). Large doses may induce diarrhea, gripping pain, nausea, and vomiting (CAN; PH2). Unidentified hemolytic principle. Large doses are emetic and laxative. Betulinic acid is a promising antimelanomic compound. Europeans report success in treating glomerulnephrosis. Decoctions show dose-dependent antiedemic, antiinflammatory, antileukotriene, and antiprostaglandin activity; induced exocytosis. |
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| BOG BILBERRY, BOG BLUEBERRY | Vaccinium uliginosum | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Narcotic (f; CEB; EFS). Indications: Catarrh (f; HH2); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cystosis (f; EFS; HH2; PH2); Debility (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; HH2; PH2); Enterosis (f; EFS; PH2); Gastrosis (f; EFS; HH2; PH2). Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Overeating possibly fungal contaminated fruits may cause debility, dizziness, intoxication, queasiness, and vomiting (PH2). Extracts (Bog Bilberry) — Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp. have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active substances (X1332092). Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Overeating possibly fungal contaminated fruits may cause debility, dizziness, intoxication, queasiness, and vomiting (PH2). Extracts (Bog Bilberry) — Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp. have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active substances (X1332092). |
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| BOLDO | Peumus boldus Molina | |
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Synonyms: Boldea fragrans (Ruiz & Pav.) Gay, Peumus fragrans Ruiz & Pav. Actions: Analgesic (f; BGB; CRC); Anticholinergic (1; BRU); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; APA; BGB); Antirheumatic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (1; CAN; CRC; EFS); Antispasmodic (2; APA; BRU; KOM; PH2; SHT); Aperitif (2; PHR); Carcinogenic (1; CRC); Carminative (f; BGB); Cholagogue (2; APA; CAN; SHT); Cholekinetic (2; SHT); Choleretic (2;CRC; KOM; HHB; PH2; SHT); Demulcent (f; CAN); Diuretic (1; APA; BGB; CAN); Emetic (1; HHB); Gastrostimulant (2; APA; KOM; PH2); Hepatoprotective (1; APA; BGB); Hepatotonic (2; CAN; EFS; PNC); Hypnotic (f; CRC; HHB); Laxative (1; APA; HHB); Myorelaxant (1; APA; BGB; BRU); Narcotic (f; EFS); Nervine (f; BGB); Poison (f; CRC); Secretagogue (1; BRU; KOM); Sedative (f; APA; CAN; EFS; HHB); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (1; CAN; HHB); Tonic (f; CRC; EFS); Urinary Antiseptic (1; CAN); Vermicide (1; BGB; EFS); Vermifuge (f; CRC; HHB). Indications: Aging (1; APA); Anorexia (2; PHR); Atherosclerosis (1; APA); Autoimmune Disease (1; APA); Bilious Problem (2; APA; CAN; SHT); Cancer (1; APA); Cholecystosis (f; BGB; CAN; HHB); Cholelithiasis (1; CAN; HHB); Cold (f; CRC); Constipation (1; APA; HHB); Cough (f; CRC); Cramp (2; APA; BRU; KOM; PH2; SHT); Cystosis (1; CAN; PNC); Dyspepsia (2; APA; BGB; BRU; KOM; PH2); Enterosis (2; APA; KOM); Gallstone (1; CAN; HHB; PNC); Gas (f; BGB); Gastrosis (2; CRC; KOM); Gonorrhea (1; CAN; GMH; HHB); Gout (f; APA; BGB; CRC); Head Cold (f; CRC); Heartburn (f; BGB; BRU); Hepatosis (2; APA; CAN; CRC; HHB; PHR); Hypertonia (2; KOM); Infection (1; CAN; CRC; EFS); Inflammation (1; APA); Insomnia (f; APA; CAN; EFS; HHB); Jaundice (f; CRC; GMH); Lethargy (f; EFS); Nephrosis (f; BGB); Nervousness (f; APA; CAN; EFS; HHB); Obesity (f; PNC); Otosis (f; CRC); Pain (f; BGB; CRC); Prostatosis (f; BGB); Rheumatism (f; APA; BGB; CAN; EFS); Stomachache (1; APA); Stone (1; BRU); Syphilis (f; CRC; HHB); Urogenitosis (f; GMH); VD (f; CRC; HHB); Water Retention (1; APA; BGB; CAN); Worm (1; APA; BGB; CRC; EFS; HHB); Wound (f; CRC). Dosage: Class 2b (JAD) 2d. Contraindicated in gallstones, serious hepatosis, and obstruction of the bile duct (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Still, PH2 cites an old source indicating that long-term consumption of boldine led to color hallucinations, depression, partial motor aphasia, and sound hallucinations (PH2). Commission E reports contraindications for leaf: biliary obstruction, severe liver diseases. EO and distillates should not be used because of their ascaridole content (AEH). CAN caution against toxicity and irritation from the volatile oil. Because of the irritant oil, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). It’s nice to be cited by Schulz, Hansel, and Tyler (1998), “Because the herb contains substances that are potentially toxic (Duke, 1985), it is not recommended for long term use and should not be taken during pregnancy†(SHT). But that could be carried as far as the Delaney Clause, since all herbs (like all pharmaceuticals) contain substances that are potentially toxic. Given internally in toxic doses, boldine causes great excitement, exaggerates reflexes and respiratory movements, increases diuresis, causes cramps and convulsions ending in death from centric respiratory paralysis, the heart beating some time after respiration fails. Extracts (Boldo) — High doses of the hydroalcoholic extract (= tincture) inhibit lipid peroxidation, (in rat hepatocyte cultures) and protect such hepatocytes against various xenobiotics (BRU). Although overdoses (injected) may cause cramping, boldine has anticholinergic activity, causing relaxation of smooth muscle (from the rat ileum) (BRU). EO LD50 = 130 orl rat; LD50 = 625–1250 mg/kg der rabbit (CAN). Convulsant 70 mg/kg (CAN). The diuretic terpinen-4-ol is irritant (CAN). Alkaloids probably underlie the choleretic activity. The total alkaloid content is more choleretic than boldine alone (PNC). Ascaridole is toxic. Contraindications: Class 2b (JAD) 2d. Contraindicated in gallstones, serious hepatosis, and obstruction of the bile duct (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Still, PH2 cites an old source indicating that long-term consumption of boldine led to color hallucinations, depression, partial motor aphasia, and sound hallucinations (PH2). Commission E reports contraindications for leaf: biliary obstruction, severe liver diseases. EO and distillates should not be used because of their ascaridole content (AEH). CAN caution against toxicity and irritation from the volatile oil. Because of the irritant oil, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). It’s nice to be cited by Schulz, Hansel, and Tyler (1998), “Because the herb contains substances that are potentially toxic (Duke, 1985), it is not recommended for long term use and should not be taken during pregnancy†(SHT). But that could be carried as far as the Delaney Clause, since all herbs (like all pharmaceuticals) contain substances that are potentially toxic. Given internally in toxic doses, boldine causes great excitement, exaggerates reflexes and respiratory movements, increases diuresis, causes cramps and convulsions ending in death from centric respiratory paralysis, the heart beating some time after respiration fails. Extracts (Boldo) — High doses of the hydroalcoholic extract (= tincture) inhibit lipid peroxidation, (in rat hepatocyte cultures) and protect such hepatocytes against various xenobiotics (BRU). Although overdoses (injected) may cause cramping, boldine has anticholinergic activity, causing relaxation of smooth muscle (from the rat ileum) (BRU). EO LD50 = 130 orl rat; LD50 = 625–1250 mg/kg der rabbit (CAN). Convulsant 70 mg/kg (CAN). The diuretic terpinen-4-ol is irritant (CAN). Alkaloids probably underlie the choleretic activity. The total alkaloid content is more choleretic than boldine alone (PNC). Ascaridole is toxic. |
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| BONESET | Eupatorium perfoliatum | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Antibacterial (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; PH2; PNC); Antiperiodic (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; APA; EFS; PED; PNC); Antispasmodic (1; WAM); Antitumor (1; APA); Antitussive (1; WAM); Antiviral (f; APA); Aperient (f; CAN; CRC); Astringent (1; PH2); Bitter (f; PED; PHR; PH2); Choleretic (f; APA); Cytotoxic (1; HHB; PNC); Diaphoretic (1; APA; CAN; CEB; CRC; PNC; WAM); Diuretic (1; APA); Emetic (f; CRC; EFS); Expectorant (f; EFS; PED, PNC); Hemostat (f; APA; CRC; EFS); Hepatoprotective (f; APA); Immunostimulant (1; APA; FAD; PHR; PH2); Laxative (f; APA; CRC; PED, PNC); Nervine (f; CRC; EFS); Peristaltic (f; PED); Phagocytotic (1; APA; PNC; PHR; PH2); Stimulant (f; CEB; CRC; EFS; PED); Tonic (f; DEM; EFS; PNC). Indications: Anorexia (1; APA; WAM); Arthrosis (1; APA; MIC); Backache (f; CEB); Bacteria (1; APA); Biliousness (f; APA; DEM); Bleeding (f; APA; CRC; EFS); Bronchosis (1; CAN); Bruise (f; PED); Cancer (1; APA; HHB; JLH); Catarrh (1; CAN; CEB; PH2); Chill (f; CEB; DEM); Cold (1; APA; FAD; WAM); Constipation (f; APA; PED; PNC); Cough (1; WAM); Cramp (1; WAM); Debility (f; DEM); Dengue (1; APA); Dermatosis (1; CEB; PNC); Dropsy (f; CEB); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Fever (1; APA; CAN; CEB; CRC; DEM; EFS; PED; PH2; PNC; WAM); Flu (1; APA; CAN; PH2; WAM); Fracture (f; DEM; PED); Gastrosis (f; CEB; MIC); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (1; FAD); Headache (f; DEM); Hematemesis (f; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; DEM); Immunodepression (1; APA; FAD; PHR; PH2; PNC); Indigestion (f; PED); Infection (1; CEB); Inflammation (1; APA; PED; PH2; PNC); Insomnia (f; EFS; MIC); Malaria (f; CEB; EFS; FAD); Myalgia (f; FAD); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Osteosis (f; DEM); Pain (f; APA; MIC; PED); Pharyngosis (1; CAN); Pleurisy (1; FAD); Pneumonia (1; CEB; FAD); Rheumatism (1; APA; DEM; FAD); Snakebite (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Tumor (1; APA; FAD); Typhoid (f; APA; CEB; DEM); Ulcer (f; MIC); Urethrosis (1; PED); Virus (f; APA); Water Retention (1; APA). Dosage: Class 4. Large doses are laxative and emetic (AHP). Classified as a drug, which must normally be registered as a pharmaceutical (AEH). Sesquiterpene lactones are cytotoxic and can cause dermatosis (CAN). Because of the cytotoxic constituents in this and related species, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Do not use during pregnancy (WAM). Should not be used by children under 1 year of age (WAM). Not for use more than 7 days (WAM). May cause diarrhea or nausea in large doses (WAM). In the book Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs (De Smet et al., 1993), we read that all Eupatorium species containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids are, in principle, hazardous for mankind. “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Extracts (Boneset) — Immunostimulant activity has been established in vitro for sesquiterpene lactone and polysaccharide components (CAN). Heteroxylan polysaccharides immunostimulant (PHR). Extracts weakly antiinflammatory in rats (PNC). Contraindications: Class 4. Large doses are laxative and emetic (AHP). Classified as a drug, which must normally be registered as a pharmaceutical (AEH). Sesquiterpene lactones are cytotoxic and can cause dermatosis (CAN). Because of the cytotoxic constituents in this and related species, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Do not use during pregnancy (WAM). Should not be used by children under 1 year of age (WAM). Not for use more than 7 days (WAM). May cause diarrhea or nausea in large doses (WAM). In the book Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs (De Smet et al., 1993), we read that all Eupatorium species containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids are, in principle, hazardous for mankind. “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Extracts (Boneset) — Immunostimulant activity has been established in vitro for sesquiterpene lactone and polysaccharide components (CAN). Heteroxylan polysaccharides immunostimulant (PHR). Extracts weakly antiinflammatory in rats (PNC). |
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