Herbal Medicine Reference

Synonyms: Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms, Hedera senticosa Rupr. & Maxim

Actions: Adaptogen (1; FAY; MAB; SKY; WAM); Adrenal Stimulant (1; AKT; MAB); Anabolic (1; MAB); Antiaging (f; APA; CRC; DAA); Antiaggregant (1; BGB; MAB; PH2); Antidiabetic (1; MAB); Antidote (1; MAB); Antiischemic (1; MAB); Antileukemic (1; BGB); Antistress (2; MAB; SKY); Antitumor (1; APA; MAB); Antiviral (1; PH2; WAM); Aperitif (f; FAY; PH2); Bitter (f; PED); Cardioprotective (1; MAB); Cerebrotonic (f; FAY); Circulostimulant (f; PED); Diuretic (f; APA; PH2); Estrogenic (f; PED); Gonadotropic (1; MAB); Hyperglycemic (1; MAB); Hypoglycemic (1; MAB; PED; PH2); Immunostimulant (1; AKT; FAY; KOM; PH2; SHT; WAM); Insulinogenic (1; MAB); Leukocytotic (1; MAB); Leukopenic (1; MAB); Lymphocytogenic (1; KOM; PH2); Memorigenic (1; APA; BGB; CRC; DAA); Nephrotonic (f; FAY; MAB); Neurotonic (f; FAY); Radioprotective (1; BGB; DAA; MAB); Serotoninergic (1; MAB); Splenotonic (f; FAY; MAB); Stimulant (f; APA); Tonic (2; DAA; KOM; SHT; WAM); Tranquilizer (f; MAB); Vasodilator (f; FAY).

Indications: ADD (f; SKY); Adrenopathy (1; MAB); Altitude Sickness (f; CRC); Alzheimer’s (f; SKY); Anorexia (f; APA; BGB; CRC; FAY; MAB; PH2); Arrhythmia (1;APA); Arthrosis (f; APA; CRC; MAB; PH2); Atherosclerosis (f; APA); Backache (f; APA; MAB); Bronchosis (1; BGB; CRC; DAA); Cachexia (1; SHT); Cancer (1; APA; MAB); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC; DAA); Cardiopathy (1; APA; BGB; DAA; MAB); CFS (1; APA; MAB; SKY); Cold (f; SKY); Convalescence (2; KOM; SHT); Cramp (f; MAB); Debility (2; APA; KOM; PH2; SHT); Depression (1; APA; MAB); Diabetes (1; APA; MAB; PH2; SKY); Dysuria (f; MAB); Edema (1; MAB); Fatigue (2; AKT; KOM; SHT; PH2; WAM); Fibromyalgia (1; SKY); Flu (f; SKY); Gastrosis (f; DAA); Glaucoma (1; BGB); Heart (f; CRC); Hemiplegia (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (f; APA; CRC); Hip (f; PH2); HIV (f; APA); Hypercholesterolemia (f; CRC); Hyperglycemia (1; MAB; PED; PH2); Hypoglycemia (1; MAB); Hypotension (f; APA); Impotence (f; CRC; PH2; SHT); Immunodepression (1; AKT; FAY; KOM; PH2; SHT; WAM); Infection (1; PHR; PH2); Inflammation (f; APA); Insomnia (1; APA; CRC; MAB; PH2); Leukemia (1; BGB); Leukocytosis (1; MAB); Leukopenia (1; MAB); Longevity (f; DAA); Lupus (f; SKY); Mental and Physical Dysfunction (1; SHT); Myopia (1; BGB); Nephrosis (f; APA; PH2); Nervousness (f; MAB); Neurasthenia (f; CRC); Pain (f; PH2); Plumosus (f; CRC); Radiation (f; APA); Rheumatism (f; APA; CRC; DAA); Sore Throat (f; SKY); Stress (1; AKT; FAY; KOM; MAB; WAM); Swelling (f; MAB); Thyroid (1; MAB); Trauma (f; MAB); Tumor (1; APA; MAB); Virus (1; PH2; WAM); Water Retention (f; APA; PH2).

Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E reports contraindications for high blood pressure (AEH). “No known side effects or drug-drug interactions” (SHT). Though generally regarded as safe by non-FDA types, use is not recommended “for patients in febrile states, hypertonic crisis, or myocardial infarction” (LRNP, May 1988). CAN cautions against use in patients with mastalgia, vaginal bleeding, and insomnia, and suggests it be avoided by patients with hyperkinesis, hysteria, mania, schizophrenia, and by those who are nervous or tense. Should not be taken with stimulants, including coffee, antipsychotic drugs, or during treatment with hormones (CAN). May elevate serum levels of digoxin (PH2). May enhance effects of antiaggregant and antidiabetic drugs (PH2). Russians suggest that users abstain from alcohol, bitter and spicy foods, and sex. In Russia, it is even suggested that healthy people under 40 years should not take ginseng, but that middle-aged people can take small doses on a regular basis (CAN). Because of hormonal activity, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Versus, “It can be used during pregnancy and lactation” (SKY). And the moms, White and Mavor say, “Many herbalists err on the side of caution and say to avoid it during pregnancy. Limit children’s use to two weeks, then take a one week break” (WAM). Commission E suggests limiting use to only 1–3 months (AHP). Use should be restricted to 3 months. (SHT). Lininger et al. (1998) report rare transient diarrhea and insomnia when taken too close to bedtime. Extracts (Siberian Ginseng) — 33% ethanolic extract LD50 = >20 ml/kg orl dog, LD50 = 23 ml/kg orl mus, LD50 = 14,500 mg/kg orl mus. Powdered root LD50 = 31,000 mg/kg orl mus, aqueous extract LD50 = 3000 mg/kg orl mus (CAN). According to Pedersen’s unreferenced book, Siberian ginseng, with aerobic exercise, mobilizes and activates natural killer cells for up to 24 hours, while with exercise alone, they are mobilized for only 2 hours and never activate (PED). Russian studies report amphoteric activity, impeding both hypertrophy and atrophy of the adrenals and thyroid glands; hypoglycemic activity in people with hyperglycemia, and hyperglycemic activity in those with hypoglycemia; it also has a normalizing action in both leukocytosis and leukopenia. Eleutheranes A-G immunostimulant. Liquid extracts increase lymphocyte count, especially T lymphocytes.

Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E reports contraindications for high blood pressure (AEH). “No known side effects or drug-drug interactions” (SHT). Though generally regarded as safe by non-FDA types, use is not recommended “for patients in febrile states, hypertonic crisis, or myocardial infarction” (LRNP, May 1988). CAN cautions against use in patients with mastalgia, vaginal bleeding, and insomnia, and suggests it be avoided by patients with hyperkinesis, hysteria, mania, schizophrenia, and by those who are nervous or tense. Should not be taken with stimulants, including coffee, antipsychotic drugs, or during treatment with hormones (CAN). May elevate serum levels of digoxin (PH2). May enhance effects of antiaggregant and antidiabetic drugs (PH2). Russians suggest that users abstain from alcohol, bitter and spicy foods, and sex. In Russia, it is even suggested that healthy people under 40 years should not take ginseng, but that middle-aged people can take small doses on a regular basis (CAN). Because of hormonal activity, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Versus, “It can be used during pregnancy and lactation” (SKY). And the moms, White and Mavor say, “Many herbalists err on the side of caution and say to avoid it during pregnancy. Limit children’s use to two weeks, then take a one week break” (WAM). Commission E suggests limiting use to only 1–3 months (AHP). Use should be restricted to 3 months. (SHT). Lininger et al. (1998) report rare transient diarrhea and insomnia when taken too close to bedtime. Extracts (Siberian Ginseng) — 33% ethanolic extract LD50 = >20 ml/kg orl dog, LD50 = 23 ml/kg orl mus, LD50 = 14,500 mg/kg orl mus. Powdered root LD50 = 31,000 mg/kg orl mus, aqueous extract LD50 = 3000 mg/kg orl mus (CAN). According to Pedersen’s unreferenced book, Siberian ginseng, with aerobic exercise, mobilizes and activates natural killer cells for up to 24 hours, while with exercise alone, they are mobilized for only 2 hours and never activate (PED). Russian studies report amphoteric activity, impeding both hypertrophy and atrophy of the adrenals and thyroid glands; hypoglycemic activity in people with hyperglycemia, and hyperglycemic activity in those with hypoglycemia; it also has a normalizing action in both leukocytosis and leukopenia. Eleutheranes A-G immunostimulant. Liquid extracts increase lymphocyte count, especially T lymphocytes.

Synonyms: Bergenia cordifolia (Haw.) Sternb., Saxifraga cordifolia Haw., S. crassifolia L.

Actions: Aggregant (1; PH2); Antiinflammatory (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; PH2); Astringent (1; HHB; PH2); Bacteristat (1; PH2); Hemostat (1; PH2); Urinary Antiseptic (1; PH2).

Indications: Bacteria (1; PH2); Bleeding (1; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diarrhea (1; HHB; FNF; PH2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Fever (f; PH2); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (1; PH2); Leishmaniasis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; PH2).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (dosage not given) (PH2). Contraindicated in lactating and pregnant women, and children under 12 years. High tannin content could cause adverse effects in large doses (PH2).

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (dosage not given) (PH2). Contraindicated in lactating and pregnant women, and children under 12 years. High tannin content could cause adverse effects in large doses (PH2).

Synonyms: Cassia tora

Actions: Acarifuge (f; DAV); Abortifacient (f; KAP); Alterative (f; KAP); Alexeteric (f; KAP); Antibacterial (1; WO2; X10478467); Antigenotoxic (1; X11368639); Antioxidant (1; X10898619; WO3); Antiperoxidant (1; X10319159); Antiplasmodial (1; X10479756); Antiseptic (1; WO2 X10478467); Antistaphylococcic (1; X10478467); Antiviral (1; MPI); Aperient (f; DEP; KAB; KAP); Astringent (f; DEP); Bitter (1; FAY); Bradycardic (1; DAA); Depurative (f; WO2); Diuretic (1; FAY); Fungicide (1; FAY; WO2; X1143018); Hepatoprotective (1; WO3); Hypocholesterolemic (2; FAY); Hypotensive (1; DAA; FAY); Insecticide (1; WO2); Laxative (f; DEP; KAP; SUW; WO2); Lipolytic (1; FAY); Mutagenic (1; WO3); Oxytocic (1; KAP; WO2); Piscicide (1; WO2); Toxic (f; WO2); Uterocontractant (1; WO2); Vermifuge (f; KAB; KAP; WO2).

Indications: Arthrosis (f; DAA); Bacteria (1; FAY; WO2; X10478467); Boil (f; DAA; KAB); Cancer (f; DEP; SUW); Cardiopathy (1; WO3); Cataract (f; DAA; FAY); Cheloid (f; DEP); Conjunctivosis (f; FAY; WO3); Constipation (1; DEP; FAY; KAP; SUW; WO2); Cornea (f; FAY); Cough (f; WO2); Dentition (f; KAP); Dermatosis (f; DEP; KAP; SUW); Dysentery (f; DAA; KAB; WO2); Eczema (f; KAP; WO2); Enterosis (f; KAB; KAP); Escherichia (1; WO2); Fatigue (f; FAY); Fever (f; IED; KAP); Fracture (f; WO2); Fungus (1; FAY; SUW; WO2; X1143018); Furuncle (f; DAA); Glaucoma (f; DAA; FAY); Gout (f; KAP); Headache (1; DAA; FAY); Hepatosis (1; DAA; FAY; KAB; WO3); Herpes (f; DAA); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; FAY); High Cholesterol (2; FAY); Impetigo (f; WO2); Induration (f; DEP); Infection (1; FAY; WO2; X10478467; X1143018); Inflammation (1; FAY; WO2); Itch (f; DEP; SUW); Leprosy (f; DEP; IED; SUW); Lethargy (f; FAY); Malaria (1; KAP; X10479756); Mycosis (1; FAY; SUW; WO2; X1143018); Obesity (f; FAY); Ophthalmia (f; DAA; FAY; KAB; WO2); Pain (f; FAY); Plague (f; DEP; IED); Proctosis (f; WO3); Psoriasis (f; DEP; IED); Ringworm (1; DEP; IED; KAP; SUW; WO3); Salmonella (1; WO2); Scabies (f; KAP); Sciatica (f; KAP); Snakebite (f; KAP; SUW); Sore (1; DAA; DEP; WO2); Spermatorrhea (f; WO3); Stomachache (f; FAY); Swelling (f; FAY); Ticks (f; DAV); Vertigo (1; FAY); Virus (1; MPI); Water Retention (1; FAY); Worm (f; KAB; KAP; WO2); Wound (1; WO2).

Dosage: Class 2b, 2c, 2d (AHP). Commission E and other sources report interaction of anthranoid laxatives (AEH). Anthranoidcontaining laxatives can be habit-forming. Some contain compounds suspected of being cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and even tumorigenic. Epidemiological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have a three times higher rate of colon carcinoma. Extracts (Sicklepod) — Torachrysone, toralactone, aloe-emodin, rhein, and emodin were antibacterial against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. Antibacterial MIC = 2–64 μg/ml (X10478467); antistaphylococcic MIC = 2–64 μg/ml (X10478467). Alaternin and two naphthopyrone glycosides, nor-rubrofusarin-6-beta-D-glucoside (cassiaside) and rubrofusarin-6-D-gentiobioside were radical scavengers. Chrysophanol, chryso-obtusin, aurantio-obtusin, cassiaside, and rubro-fusarin-gentiobioside demonstrated significant antimutagenic activity (X9063089). Seed extracts contain at least five hepatoprotective compounds.

Contraindications: Class 2b, 2c, 2d (AHP). Commission E and other sources report interaction of anthranoid laxatives (AEH). Anthranoidcontaining laxatives can be habit-forming. Some contain compounds suspected of being cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and even tumorigenic. Epidemiological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have a three times higher rate of colon carcinoma. Extracts (Sicklepod) — Torachrysone, toralactone, aloe-emodin, rhein, and emodin were antibacterial against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. Antibacterial MIC = 2–64 μg/ml (X10478467); antistaphylococcic MIC = 2–64 μg/ml (X10478467). Alaternin and two naphthopyrone glycosides, nor-rubrofusarin-6-beta-D-glucoside (cassiaside) and rubrofusarin-6-D-gentiobioside were radical scavengers. Chrysophanol, chryso-obtusin, aurantio-obtusin, cassiaside, and rubro-fusarin-gentiobioside demonstrated significant antimutagenic activity (X9063089). Seed extracts contain at least five hepatoprotective compounds.

Synonyms: Trochostigma polygama

Actions: Cardiotonic (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Euphoriant (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (f; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC); Sedative (1; CRC); Tranquilizer (1; CRC).

Indications: Colic (f; CRC); Insomnia (1; CRC); Nervousness (1; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; CRC).

Dosage:

Contraindications:

Synonyms:

Actions: Anticholinergic (1; CRC); Antidote (1; CRC); Antispasmodic (1; CRC); Anxiolytic (1; CRC); Astringent (1; CRC); Depurative (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emetic (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Hemostat (f; CRC); Intoxicant (1; CRC); Laxative (f; CRC); Myorelaxant (1; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC); Poison (1; CRC); Psychomimetic (1; CRC); Sedative (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Tranquilizer (1; CRC); Vasodilator (1; CRC); Vulnerary (f; CRC).

Indications: Anxiety (1; CRC); Bleeding (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Constipation (f; CRC); Cramp (1; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); Insomnia (f; CRC); Nervousness (1; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Syphilis (f; CRC); VD (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; CRC).

Dosage:

Contraindications:

Synonyms:

Actions: Aperitif

Indications: Anorexia (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Salivation (f; HHB).

Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (not given) (PH2). The danger comes from confusing this with poisonous umbellifers (JAD).

Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (not given) (PH2). The danger comes from confusing this with poisonous umbellifers (JAD).

Synonyms:

Actions: Anaphrodisiac (f; CRC); Antibacterial (f; PED); Anticonvulsant (f; APA); Antioxidant (1; PH2); Antiinflammatory (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; CRC; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; APA; CRC; PH2; SKY); Antiviral (1; WAM); Astringent (f; CRC); Bitter (1; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; CEB; CRC); Diuretic (f; CEB); Emetic (f; DEM); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Hypotensive (f; DAW); Nephrotonic (f; CRC); Nervine (1; CRC; PNC; WAM); Sedative (f; APA; PH2; SKY; WAM); Tonic (f; APA; CRC; PED; PH2); Tranquilizer (f; APA).

Indications: Addiction (f; APA; CRC); Alcoholism (f; APA; CRC); Anxiety (f; APA; HHB; SKY); Bacteria (f; PED); Bite (f; CEB); Cancer (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; CRC; DEM); Chorea (f; CRC; CAN; PH2); Cold (f; PED); Convulsion (f; APA; CEB; CRC); Cramp (f; APA; CEB; CRC; PH2; SKY); Delirium (f; CEB; CRC); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Dysuria (f; CRC); Embolism (1; CAN); Epilepsy (f; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2); Fatigue (f; HHB); Fever (f; CEB; CRC; PH2); Headache (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; TOM); Hiccup (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (f; CRC; DAW); Hydrophobia (f; CRC); Hyperactivity (1; WAM); Hysteria (f; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2); Inflammation (1; PH2); Insomnia (f; APA; CRC; PH2; SKY; WAM); Malaria (f; CEB); Mastosis (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; CRC; TOM); Nerve (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; APA; CAN; PH2; SKY; WAM); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Neurosis (f; CEB); Pain (f; DEM); Palsy (f; CRC); Rabies (f; APA; CEB); Rheumatism (f; TOM); Rickets (f; CRC); Smallpox (f; DEM); Snakebite (f; CRC); Stress (f; CAN; PH2); Stroke (1; CAN); Tetanus (f; CEB); Throat (f; DEM); Thrombosis (1; CAN); Trevor (f; CEB); Tumor (f; JLH); Virus (1; WAM); Water Retention (f; CEB).

Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). APA rating = 4 (APA). No contraindications known (WAM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Reports of hepatotoxicity may be due to adulteration with germander, a black eye in itself (AHP). “There is no evidence to indicate that Scutellaria is toxic when ingested at normal doses” (AHP). The FDA has suggested that overdose of the tincture causes confusion, convulsions, giddiness, pulsar irregularities, and twitching (LRNP, January 1993). The USP, in its proposed monograph of valerian, note that preparations containing skullcap “caused hepatosis” (the preparation, not necessarily the valerian). Reported fatality in Norway possibly Scutellaria, or possibly Teucrium, a frequent adulterant. CAN cautions that a mixed product (adulteration with Teucrium spp.) caused hepatotoxicity. Because of traditional use to eliminate afterbirth and promote menstruation, and potential hepatotoxicity, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Clinical trials with scutellarin in 634 cases of cerebral embolism, cerebral thrombosis, and stroke paralysis showed an overall effective rate of more than 88%, following intramuscular, intravenous, or oral administration (CAN).

Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). APA rating = 4 (APA). No contraindications known (WAM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Reports of hepatotoxicity may be due to adulteration with germander, a black eye in itself (AHP). “There is no evidence to indicate that Scutellaria is toxic when ingested at normal doses” (AHP). The FDA has suggested that overdose of the tincture causes confusion, convulsions, giddiness, pulsar irregularities, and twitching (LRNP, January 1993). The USP, in its proposed monograph of valerian, note that preparations containing skullcap “caused hepatosis” (the preparation, not necessarily the valerian). Reported fatality in Norway possibly Scutellaria, or possibly Teucrium, a frequent adulterant. CAN cautions that a mixed product (adulteration with Teucrium spp.) caused hepatotoxicity. Because of traditional use to eliminate afterbirth and promote menstruation, and potential hepatotoxicity, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Clinical trials with scutellarin in 634 cases of cerebral embolism, cerebral thrombosis, and stroke paralysis showed an overall effective rate of more than 88%, following intramuscular, intravenous, or oral administration (CAN).

Synonyms: Dracontium foetidus

Actions: Analgesic (f; CRC; DEM; GMH); Antispasmodic (f; CRC; PHR; PH2; PNC); Cicatrizant (f; GMH); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; PHR; PH2; PNC); Diuretic (f; FAD); Emetic (f; CRC; FAD); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CEB; CRC; PHR; PH2; PNC); Hemolytic (1; CAN); Hemostat (f; CRC); Narcotic (1; CEB; CRC; GMH); Poison (1; CRC); Sedative (f; CAN; CRC; PHR; PH2); Sialagogue (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Suppurative (f; CEB).

Indications: Adenopathy (f; CEB); Asthma (f; CRC; PHR; PH2; PNC); Bleeding (1; CAN; CEB; CRC; DEM); Blister (f; CEB); Bronchosis (f; PHR; PH2; PNC); Bruise (f; CEB); Cancer (f; CEB; CRC); Catarrh (f; CEB; CRC); Childbirth (f; CRC; DEM); Chorea (f; CRC; GMH); Convulsion (f; CRC; DEM; FAD); Cold (f; CEB); Cough (f; CEB; FAD); Cramp (f; CRC; DEM; FAD; PHR; PH2; PNC); Dermatosis (f; CEB; CRC); Dropsy (f; CRC; GMH); Epilepsy (f; CRC; DEM; FAD; GMH); Fever (f; CRC; PHR; PH2; PNC); Fit (f; DEM); Headache (f; CEB; CRC); Heart (f; DEM); Herpes (f; CEB); Hysteria (f; CRC; GMH); Insomnia (f; CAN; CRC; PHR; PH2); Itch (f; CEB; CRC; FAD); Mastosis (f; CEB); Migraine (f; FAD; JAD); Nervousness (f; CAN; CRC; PHR; PH2); Pain (f; CRC; DEM; GMH); Pertussis (f; CAN; DEM); Prolapse (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; CRC; FAD); Ringworm (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Spasm (f; CRC); Swelling (f; CEB; CRC; DEM); Toothache (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Ulcer (f; CEB); Uterosis (f; DEM); Water Retention (f; FAD); Womb (f; DEM); Worm (f; CRC); Wound (f; CEB; FAD; GMH).

Dosage: Class 2d. Oxalates may irritate GI and oral tract. Fresh roots irritate mucosa. Kidney stone sufferers should use with caution, if at all (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PHR; PH2). Overdose may cause queasiness and vomiting (PHR; PH2). CAN cautions against itch and inflammation. Because it is reputed to affect the menstrual cycle, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Eating leaves can cause burning and inflammation. Roots are believed to be toxic (FAD). Leaf extract is hemolytic. Several Micmac Indians confided to me that they sniffed the root to relieve migraine. One of the first flowers of spring, often melting the snow through the thermogensis of salicylic acid.

Contraindications: Class 2d. Oxalates may irritate GI and oral tract. Fresh roots irritate mucosa. Kidney stone sufferers should use with caution, if at all (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PHR; PH2). Overdose may cause queasiness and vomiting (PHR; PH2). CAN cautions against itch and inflammation. Because it is reputed to affect the menstrual cycle, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Eating leaves can cause burning and inflammation. Roots are believed to be toxic (FAD). Leaf extract is hemolytic. Several Micmac Indians confided to me that they sniffed the root to relieve migraine. One of the first flowers of spring, often melting the snow through the thermogensis of salicylic acid.

Synonyms:

Actions: Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiseptic (1; CRC); Expectorant (1; CRC); Insectifuge (f; CRC).

Indications: Ache (f; DEM); Backache (f; DEM); Bronchosis (1; CRC); Catarrh (f; CRC); Cold (f; CRC); Dysuria (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC); Leukorrhea (f; CRC); Pain (f; DEM); Parasite (f; CRC); Psoriasis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC; DEM); Sore (f; CRC; DEM); Ulcer (f; CRC); VD (f; CRC); Wound (f; CRC; DEM).

Dosage:

Contraindications:

Synonyms: Ulmus fulva

Actions: Antioxidant (1; CRC); Antiseptic (f; CRC); Antitussive (1; CAN); Astringent (1; APA; PED; WAM); Demulcent (2; APA; PH2; PNC; WAM); Depurative (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; CRC; GMH); Emollient (1; CRC; PH2; PNC); Expectorant (f; CRC; GMH; PED); Laxative (f; CRC; DEM); Vermifuge (f; CRC); Vulnerary (f; CRC; GMH; PED).

Indications: Abscess (f; CAN; FAD); Adenopathy (f; CRC; DEM; PH2); Bleeding (f; CEB; DEM); Boil (1; APA; CRC; GMH; PNC); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Burn (1; APA; FAD; GMH; PH2; WAM); Cancer (f; CRC; FEL; JLH); Carcinoma (f; CRC); Cardiopathy (f; GMH); Caries (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; CRC; DEM; GMH); Chilblain (f; CEB); Childbirth (f; CRC; DEM); Cholera (f; CEB); Cold (f; SKY); Cold Sore (1; APA); Colitis (1; APA; CAN; CRC; GMH); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC; DEM); Constipation (f; CRC; DEM); Cough (2; APA; FAD; HHB; WAM); Cramp (f; CEB; CRC); Crohn’s Disease (1; SKY); Cut (f; FAD); Cystosis (1; GMH; WAM); Dermatosis (1; APA; PH2; PNC; WAM); Diarrhea (1; APA; CAN; FAD); Duodenosis (f; PH2); Dysentery (f; CRC; FAD); Dyspepsia (1; FAD); Dysuria (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC); Enterosis (2; APA; CEB; GMH); Erysipelas (f; FEL); Esophagosis (2; APA); Felon (f; CRC; JLH); Fever (f; CRC); Fistula (f; FEL); Fracture (f; CRC; DEM); Gangrene (f; CRC); Gastrosis (2; APA; GMH; PHR; PH2; SKY); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (f; CRC; HH2; PH2); Heartburn (f; DEM); Hemoptysis (f; CEB; GMH); Hemorrhoid (f; CEB); Herpes (f; CRC; FEL); Infection (f; CEB); Inflammation (2; APA; CEB; WAM); Mastosis (f; DEM); Mucososis (f; CRC); Nephrosis (f; DEM; FEL); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pharyngosis (2; APA); Pleurisy (f; CRC; FAD; GMH); Pulmonosis (f; CRC; DEM); Quinsy (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; CRC; HH2; PH2); Sore (1; APA; FEL); Sore Throat (2; APA; FAD; FEL; WAM); Stomach Distress (1; FAD; PNC); Stomatosis (2; APA); Strangury (f; FEL); Swelling (f; CEB; HHB); Synovosis (f; GMH); Syphilis (f; CRC; FEL); Tapeworm (f; CRC); Toothache (f; CRC; GMH); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; DEM; GMH); Tumor (f; CRC); Typhoid (f; CRC; GMH); Ulcer (1; APA; CAN; FAD); UTI (f; CRC; GMH); VD (f; CEB; CRC; DEM; FEL); Water Retention (f; CRC; GMH); Whitlow (f; CRC; JLH); Worm (f; CRC); Wound (1; APA; PHR; PH2; WAM).

Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). None known (CAN; WAM). While I consider slippery elm safer than coffee, LRNP (March 1991) says, “preparations of slippery elm had been used as abortifacients.” Perhaps they refer to Foster and Duke, who note slivers of bark being used mechanically to induce an abortion, sort of the herbal coat hanger. Oleoresins from several elm species can cause dermatosis. Pollen is allergenic (CRC; LRNP, March 1991). But even conservative CAN says, “it would appear to be non-toxic.” The copious mucilage of the inner bark justifies its use as antitussive, demulcent, and emollient (CAN).

Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). None known (CAN; WAM). While I consider slippery elm safer than coffee, LRNP (March 1991) says, “preparations of slippery elm had been used as abortifacients.” Perhaps they refer to Foster and Duke, who note slivers of bark being used mechanically to induce an abortion, sort of the herbal coat hanger. Oleoresins from several elm species can cause dermatosis. Pollen is allergenic (CRC; LRNP, March 1991). But even conservative CAN says, “it would appear to be non-toxic.” The copious mucilage of the inner bark justifies its use as antitussive, demulcent, and emollient (CAN).