| English Name | Botanical Name | More Info |
|---|---|---|
| SPANISH CHESTNUT | Castanea sativa | |
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Synonyms: Castanea vesca Gaertn., C. vulgaris Lam., Fagus castanea L., F. procera Salisb. Actions: Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; FNF); Sedative (f; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS). Indications: Bronchosis (f; FNF; PH2); Circulation (f; FNF; PH2); Diarrhea (f; FNF; PH2); Fever (f; EFS); Insomnia (f; EFS); Nervousness (f; EFS); Pain (f; FNF; PH2); Pertussis (f; FNF; PH2); Respirosis (f; FNF; PH2); Sore Throat (f; FNF; PH2). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). None recorded at proper dosage. Usual tannin caveats (JAD). Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). None recorded at proper dosage. Usual tannin caveats (JAD). |
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| BLACK JACK | Bidens pilosa | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Antibacterial (1; ZUL); Antidiabetic (1; ZUL); Antiseptic (1; WOI; ZUL); Antispasmodic (f; WOI); Astringent (1; ZUL); Emmenagogue (f; WOI); Expectorant (f; WOI); Fungicide (1; ZUL); Hemostat (f; ZUL); Hypoglycemic (1; ZUL); Parasiticide (1; WOI); Phototoxic (1; ZUL); Protisticide (1; ZUL); Stimulant (f; ZUL); Tonic (f; ZUL); Vermifuge (1; ZUL). Indications: Adenopathy (f; ZUL); Angina (f; DAV); Aphtha (f; DAV); Arthrosis (f; ZUL); Asthma (f; WOI); Bacteria (1; ZUL); Bleeding (f; ZUL); Bronchosis (f; ZUL);Cancer (f; WOI); Chill (f; DAV); Colic (f; ZUL); Conjunctivosis (f; ZUL); Constipation (f; ZUL); Cough (f; WOI; ZUL); Cramp (f; WOI); Dermatosis (1; ZUL); Diabetes (1; DAV; ZUL); Diarrhea (f; ZUL); Dropsy (f; DAV); Dysentery (f; DAV; ZUL); Dysmenorrhea (f; ZUL); Enterosis (f; ZUL); Fistula (f; WOI); Fungus (1; ZUL); Gastrosis (f; ZUL); Hepatosis (f; DAV); Hyperglycemia (1; ZUL); Infection (1; ZUL); Infertility (f; ZUL); Inflammation (f; ZUL); Itch (f; ZUL); Jaundice (f; ZUL); Laryngosis (f; DAV); Leprosy (f; WOI); Malaria (f; ZUL); Mycosis (1; ZUL); Ophthalmia (f; ZUL); Otosis (f; ZUL); Parasite (1; WOI); Prostatosis (f; ZUL); Rheumatism (f; ZUL); Side Ache (f; ZUL); Snakebite (f; ZUL); Sore (1; ZUL); Sore Throat (f; DAV); Stomachache (f; ZUL); Syphilis (f; ZUL); Tuberculosis (1; ZUL); Water Retention (f; DAV); Wound (1; ZUL); Worm (1; ZUL); Yeast (1; ZUL). Dosage: Contraindications: |
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| SPANISH PELLITORY | Anacyclus pyrethrum | |
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Synonyms: Anacyclus officinarum Hayne, Anthemis pyrethrum L. Actions: Abortifacient (1; WO3); Anesthetic (1; WO3); Antiinflammatory (1; WO3); Antimutagenic (1; WO3); Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor (1; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; WO3); Insecticide (1; PH2); Insulin-Sparing (1; WO3); Lacrimator (f; GMH); 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor (1; WO3); Molluscicide (1; PH2); Neurotonic (f; KAP); Rubefacient (1; WO2); Sialagogue (1; WO2); Stimulant (1; WO2); Tonic (f; KAP). Indications: Ague (f; GMH); Apoplexy (f; HHB); Bruise (f; GMH); Cancer (1; JLH; WO3); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Caries (f; KAP); Catarrh (f; GMH); Cerebrosis (f; GMH); Congestion (f; GMH); Dermatosis (f; WO2); Diabetes (1; WO3); Epilepsy (f; GMH; PH2); Fever (f; WO2); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Glossosis (f; GMH); Gout (f; GMH); Headache (f; HHB); Hemorrhoid (1; WO3); Hyperglycemia (1; WO3); Inflammation (1; WO3); Ischiosis (f; HHB); Lethargy (f; GMH); Lumbago (f; HHB); Mange (f; WO2); Neuralgia (f; HHB); Pain (1; WO3); Palsy (f; GMH); Paralysis (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Rhinosis (f; GMH); Sciatica (f; GMH); Sore Throat (f; KAP); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomatosis (f; HHB); Tonsilosis (f; KAP); Toothache (1; WO2); Typhus (f; WO2); Uvulosis (f; GMH); Xerostoma (1; HHB; WO2). Dosage: Not covered (AHP; KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). In large doses, may irritate stomach mucus, causing bloody stools, tetanic cramps, and stupor (WO2). Seeds may cause abortion in some 15% of albino rats (WO3). The 2% alcoholic root extract is as anesthetic but lasting longer than 2% xylocaine-hydrochloride (WO3). Contraindications: Not covered (AHP; KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). In large doses, may irritate stomach mucus, causing bloody stools, tetanic cramps, and stupor (WO2). Seeds may cause abortion in some 15% of albino rats (WO3). The 2% alcoholic root extract is as anesthetic but lasting longer than 2% xylocaine-hydrochloride (WO3). |
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| SPEARMINT | Mentha spicata | |
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Synonyms: M. aquatica var. crispa (L.) Benth., M. cordifolia Opiz ex Fresen., M. crispa L., M. spicata var. ciliata Druce, M. spicata var. crispa (Benth.) Danert, M. spicata var. viridis L., Mentha viridis (L.) L. Actions: Allergenic (1; APA); Analgesic (1; DEM; EFS); Antipyretic (f; DEM; FEL); Antiseptic (1; FAD; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; FAD; JFM; PHR; PH2); Carminative (1; APA; FAD; JFM; PHR; PH2); Decongestant (1; APA); Deodorant (f; JFM); Dermatitigenic (1; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; JFM); Digestive (1; APA; PH2); Diuretic (f; CEB; FEL); Emetic (f; DEM); Expectorant (f; DEP); Insecticide (f; PH2); Neurodepressant (1; PH2); Sedative (1; DEM; PH2); Stimulant (1; PHR; PH2); Stomachic (1; FAD); Vermifuge (f; DEM; JFM). Indications: Aphtha (f; DEP); Bronchosis (f; DEP); Cancer (f; FAD; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cold (1; FAD); Colic (f; DEM); Congestion (1; APA); Cough (f; APA); Cramp (1; DEM; FAD; JFM; PHR; PH2); Depression (f; APA); Diarrhea (f; DEM; FAD; JFM); Dyspepsia (1; APA); Dysuria (f; CEB; FEL); Enterosis (1; APA; DEM; JFM); Fever (f; DEM; DEP; FAD; FEL; JFM); Gas (1; APA; DEM; FAD; JFM; PHR; PH2); Gastrosis (1; APA; JLH; JFM); Gonorrhea (f; FEL); Gravel (f; DEM; FEL); Hay Fever (f; DEM); Headache (1; DEM; FAD; JFM); Hemorrhoid (f; DEM; FEL); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hysteria (f; DEM); Induration (f; JLH); Insomnia (1; DEM; PH2); Mastosis (f; JLH); Nausea (f; APA; JFM); Nephrosis (f; CEB); Nervousness (1; DEM; PH2); Pain (1; DEM; EFS); Palpitation (f; JFM); Rheumatism (f; FEL; JFM); Sore (f; JFM); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomachache (1; DEM; FAD; JFM); Water Retention (f; CEB; DEM; FEL); Worm (f; CEB; DEM; JFM); Wound (f; DEM). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). None reported at proper dosing (PH2). Estimated lethal dose for menthol in humans may be as low as 2 g. Survival after doses of 8–9 g have been reported. Menthol reactions include reported cases of urticaria, allergic cheilitis, stomatosis, and rarely, shaking chills from use of topical menthol products. GI complaints due to use of peppermint preparations include stomatosis, severe esophagitis, gastrosis, unexplained diarrhea, and pancreatitis. Menthol in nasal preparations may cause spasm of the glottis in young children (AEH1). APA kindly says it does not contain menthol, but I’ll bet that many spearmint clones do contain menthol. PH2 says that spearmint oil possesses a weak potential for sensitization, due to its menthol and l-carvone (PH2). I suppose the many species with more of these ingredients would have stronger potential for sensitization. See my database for menthol- and l-carvone-containing plants. Nitpickologists will no doubt say that children should avoid all plants, not just EOs, containing menthol Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). None reported at proper dosing (PH2). Estimated lethal dose for menthol in humans may be as low as 2 g. Survival after doses of 8–9 g have been reported. Menthol reactions include reported cases of urticaria, allergic cheilitis, stomatosis, and rarely, shaking chills from use of topical menthol products. GI complaints due to use of peppermint preparations include stomatosis, severe esophagitis, gastrosis, unexplained diarrhea, and pancreatitis. Menthol in nasal preparations may cause spasm of the glottis in young children (AEH1). APA kindly says it does not contain menthol, but I’ll bet that many spearmint clones do contain menthol. PH2 says that spearmint oil possesses a weak potential for sensitization, due to its menthol and l-carvone (PH2). I suppose the many species with more of these ingredients would have stronger potential for sensitization. See my database for menthol- and l-carvone-containing plants. Nitpickologists will no doubt say that children should avoid all plants, not just EOs, containing menthol |
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| SPEEDWELL | Veronica officinalis | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Alterative (f; FEL; PNC); Antidiaphoretic (f; PH2); Antiscorbutic (f; EFS); Antiulcer (1; HH2; PH2); Aperitif (f; EFS); Astringent (1; FAD; PH2); Depurative (f; EFS; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; FAD); Digestive (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS; FAD; FEL); Emetic (f; DEM); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; FAD); Expectorant (f; EFS; FAD; FEL; HH2; PH2); Stomachic (f; EFS); Tonic (f; FAD; FEL); Tranquilizer (f; EFS); Vulnerary (f; EFS). Indications: Adiposity (f; MAD); Alactea (f; DEM); Anorexia (f; EFS); Arthrosis (f; BRU; PHR; PH2); Asthma (f; FAD; HHB; HH2; MAD); Boil (f; DEM; MAD); Bronchosis (f; FAD; HHB; HH2; MAD); Burn (f; MAD); Catarrh (f; FEL; HHB; MAD); Childbirth (f; DEM); Chill (f; DEM); Cholecystosis (f; MAD); Cough (f; DEM; FAD; FEL); Cramp (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; DEM; FAD; FEL; PH2); Diarrhea (f; HHB); Earache (f; DEM); Eczema (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Fever (f; EFS; FAD); Gastrosis (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Gout (f; FAD; MAD; PH2); Hemoptysis (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; PH2); Infection (f; HHB; MAD); Inflammation (1; PH2); Itch (f; PH2); Jaundice (f; FAD; FEL; MAD); Nephrosis (f; FAD; FEL; MAD; PH2); Nervousness (f; EFS; PH2); Odontosis (f; MAD); Pharyngosis (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; FAD; MAD); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; BRU; FAD; PH2); Scrofula (f; DEM; FEL); Sore Throat (1; PH2); Splenosis (f; MAD); Stomatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Sweat (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Ulcer (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Urethrosis (f; PH2); UTI (f; PHR); Vertigo (f; MAD); Water Retention (f; EFS; FAD; FEL); Wound (f; MAD; PHR; PH2). Dosage: Class 1. Regulated in the U.S. as an allowable flavoring agent in alcoholic beverages only (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Speedwell prevented and speeded healing of ulcers in experimental animals (PHR). Contraindications: Class 1. Regulated in the U.S. as an allowable flavoring agent in alcoholic beverages only (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Speedwell prevented and speeded healing of ulcers in experimental animals (PHR). |
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| SPICEBUSH | Lindera benzoin | |
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Synonyms: Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees, Laurus aestivalis L., Laurus benzoin L. Actions: Abortifacient (f; EB48:333); Analgesic (f; DEM; HAD); Candidicide (1; ABS); Carminative (f; FAD; FEL); Depurative (f; DEM; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; DEM; FAD; FEL); Emetic (f; DEM; HAD); Emmenagogue (f; DEM); Panacea (f; DEM); Stimulant (f; EB48:333); Tonic (f; DEM); Vermifuge (f; FAD; FEL). Indications: Ague (f; FEL); Amenorrhea (f; FAD); Anemia (f; FAD); Arthrosis (f; FAD); Bruise (f; FAD; FEL); Candida (1; ABS); Cold (f; DEM; FAD); Colic (f; FAD; FEL); Cough (f; FAD); Cramp (f; FAD); Croup (f; FAD); Dermatosis (f; FEL); Dysmenorrhea (f; FAD); Fatigue (EB48:333); Fever (f; DEM; FAD; FEL); Gas (f; FAD; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Hives (f; HAD); Itch (f; FEL); Malaria (f; EB48:333); Measles (f; HAD); Myalgia (f; FAD); Nervousness (f; FEL); Neuralgia (f; EB48:333); Pain (f; DEM; HAD); Phthisis (f; HAD); Pulmonosis (f; EB48:333); Respirosis (f; EB48:333); Rheumatism (f; FAD; FEL); Swelling (f; HAD); Syphilis (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; HAD); Typhoid (f; FAD; FEL); VD (f; DEM); Worm (f; DEM; FAD; FEL); Yeast (1; ABS). Dosage: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Stems contain laurotetanine, a potentially cytotoxic alkaloid. Heisey and Gorham (Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 14:136–9; 1992) found that extract of stem bark of Lindera benzoin (“spicebushâ€) strongly inhibited yeast (Candida albicans), much better than any of the other 53 species they studied Contraindications: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Stems contain laurotetanine, a potentially cytotoxic alkaloid. Heisey and Gorham (Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 14:136–9; 1992) found that extract of stem bark of Lindera benzoin (“spicebushâ€) strongly inhibited yeast (Candida albicans), much better than any of the other 53 species they studied |
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| SPIKENARD | Aralia racemosa | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Alterative (f; CEB); Antipyretic (f; DEM); Antiseptic (f; CEB); Carminative (f; CEB); Depurative (f; CEB); Diaphoretic (1; FAD; PH2); Diuretic (f; FAD; HHB); Emetic (f; DEM); Expectorant (f; HHB; PH2); Pectoral (f; CEB); Stomachic (f; CEB); Tonic (f; DEM; FAD); Toxic (f; DEM). Indications: Amenorrhea (f; CEB); Asthma (f; PH2); Backache (f; PH2); Boil (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Bruise (f; PH2); Burn (f; FAD); Carbuncle (f; FAD); Caries (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; CEB); Cold (f; CEB; PH2); Colic (f; DEM); Cough (f; CEB; FAD); Debility (f; FAD); Dermatosis (1; HHB; PH2); Dropsy (f; CEB); Dysentery (f; CEB); Fever (1; DEM; FAD; PH2); Gas (f; CEB); Gout (f; CEB; HHB); Hay Fever (f; PH2); Infection (f; FAD); Inflammation (f; CEB; PH2); Itch (f; FAD); Lassitude (f; FAD); Mastosis (f; CEB); Myalgia (f; CEB); Myosis (f; CEB); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; CEB; DEM); Paralysis (f; DEM); Pertussis (f; CEB); Rheumatism (f; CEB; DEM; FAD; HHB; PH2); Sore (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Sprain (f; CEB); Stomachache (f; CEB; FAD); Swelling (f; DEM; FAD; PH2); Syphilis (f; HHB); Toothache (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; CEB); Ulcer (f; FAD); VD (f; DEM; HHB); Water Retention (f; FAD; HHB); Wound (f; FAD; PH2). Dosage: Class 2b (AHP). None known for proper dosage (PH2). Not for use during pregnancy (PH2). Photodermatosis is possible (PH2). Contraindications: Class 2b (AHP). None known for proper dosage (PH2). Not for use during pregnancy (PH2). Photodermatosis is possible (PH2). |
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| SPINACH | Spinacia oleracea | |
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Synonyms: S. inermis Moench, S. oleracea var. inermis (Moench) Peterm., S. spinosa Moench Actions: Alexeteric (f; KAB); Antianemic (f; PHR); Antimaculitic (1; JNU); Antinyctalopic (1; JNU); Antioxidant (1; FNF; JAD; JNU); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiretinitic (1; JNU); Antiribosomal (1; X10850653); Antiviral (1; X10850653); Aperitif (f; PHR; PH2); Astringent (f; EFS); Carminative (f; DAA); Demulcent (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS); Emollient (f; KAB); Hematigenic (f; PHR; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; DAA); Immunostimulant (1; JNU); Laxative (f; EFS); Litholytic (f; KAB); Vermifuge (f; KAB) Indications: Anemia (f; HHB; PHR); Anorexia (f; PHR; PH2); Arthrosis (f; KAB); Asthma (f; KAB); Biliousness (f; KAB); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; KAB; JNU); Cataract (1; JNU); Cerebrosis (1; KAB; JNU); Cholecystosis (f; HHB); Colitis (f; WOI); Constipation (f; EFS); Dementia (1; JNU); Dyspnea (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; PHR; PH2); Fatigue (f; PHR; PH2); Fever (f; EFS; WOI); Gas (f; DAA); Gastrosis (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (f; KAB); HIV (1; X10850653); Hyperglycemia (1; DAA); Immunodepression (1; JNU); Infection (1; JNU); Inflammation (f; WOI); Jaundice (f; KAB); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; KAB); Lumbago (f; KAB); Maculosis (1; JNU); Nyctalopia (1; JNU); Osteoporosis (1; JNU); Pulmonosis (f; KAB); Retinosis (1; JNU); Scabies (f; KAB); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Spina Bifida (1; JNU); Stone (f; KAB); Stroke (1; JNU); Virus (1; X10850653); Water Retention (f; EFS); Worm (f; KAB). Dosage: Not covered (AHP). Not approved as a medicine (KOM; PHR). Infants should not receive spinach until after their fourth month (danger of methemoglobin formation through nitrites) (PHR). If the levels of oxalic acid reported in DAA and PHR are correct (6–8% in younger leaves, 16% in older leaves, 23–27% in the cotyledons), then those sensitive to oxalic acid might not want to overindulge in spinach. PHR advises not letting the leaves stand, as the nitrates may be converted to nitrites. Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). Not approved as a medicine (KOM; PHR). Infants should not receive spinach until after their fourth month (danger of methemoglobin formation through nitrites) (PHR). If the levels of oxalic acid reported in DAA and PHR are correct (6–8% in younger leaves, 16% in older leaves, 23–27% in the cotyledons), then those sensitive to oxalic acid might not want to overindulge in spinach. PHR advises not letting the leaves stand, as the nitrates may be converted to nitrites. |
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| SPREADING DOGBANE | Apocynum androsaemifolium | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Analgesic (f; DEM); Anticonvulsant (f; DEM); Antidote (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; DEM); Cardiotonic (f; CRC); Contraceptive (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; DEM); Emetic (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Hydragogue (f; CRC); Lactagogue (f; DEM); Laxative (f; CRC; DEM); Narcotic (f; CRC); Poison (f; CRC); Tonic (f; DEM). Indications: Arthrosis (f; CRC); Ascites (f; CRC); Bleeding (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cirrhosis (f; CRC); Cold (f; DEM); Constipation (f; CRC; DEM); Convulsion (f; CRC; DEM); Cramp (f; DEM); Diabetes (f; CRC); Dizziness (f; CRC; DEM); Dropsy (f; CRC; DEM); Dysuria (f; DEM); Ear (f; DEM); Earache (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC); Epistaxis (f; DEM); Fever (f; CRC); Fit (f; DEM); Gallstone (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Glossosis (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); Heart (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; CRC; DEM); Insanity (f; CRC; DEM); Malaria (f; CRC); Mange (f; DEM); Mucososis (f; CRC); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Palpitation (f; CRC; DEM); Pharyngosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Scrofula (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Syphilis (f; CRC); Throat (f; DEM); Typhoid (f; CRC); VD (f; CRC); Vertigo (f; DEM); Wart (f; DEM); Water Retention (f; DEM); Womb (f; DEM); Worm (f; DEM). Dosage: Class 3 (AHP). Cardiac glycosides. Canadian regulations preclude its use in food (AHP). Too toxic for experimentation (JAD). Contraindications: Class 3 (AHP). Cardiac glycosides. Canadian regulations preclude its use in food (AHP). Too toxic for experimentation (JAD). |
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| SPRING SNOWFLAKE | Leucojum vernum | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Analeptic (1; FNF); Analgesic (1; FNF); Antiacetylcholinesterase (1; FNF); Antialzheimeran (1; FNF); Antibutylcholinesterase (1; FNF); Anticholinesterase (1; FNF); Anticurare (1; FNF); Antimyasthenic (1; FNF); Antineurotic (1; FNF); Bradycardic (1; FNF); Cholinergic (1; FNF); CNS Inhibitor (1; FNF); Emetic (1; FNF); Emollient (f; HHB); Hypnotic (1; FNF); Insecticide (1; FNF); Memorigenic (1; FNF); Myocontractant (1; FNF); Myoneurostimulant (1; FNF); Peristaltic (1; FNF); Poison (1; HHB); Secretagogue (1; FNF); Sedative (1; FNF); Sialagogue (1; FNF). Indications: Alzheimer’s (1; FNF); Cardiopathy (1; FNF); Insomnia (1; FNF); Myasthenia (1; FNF); Nervousness (1; FNF); Neurosis (1; FNF); Pain (1; FNF); Senile Dementia (1; FNF); Xerophthalmia (1; FNF). Dosage: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Emetic and poisonous; possibly edible after processing (HHB). Bulb is emetic but said to be edible cooked (HHB). Contraindications: Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Emetic and poisonous; possibly edible after processing (HHB). Bulb is emetic but said to be edible cooked (HHB). |
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