| English Name | Botanical Name | More Info |
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| PIGEONPEA | Cajanus cajan | |
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Synonyms: C. bicolor DC., C. flavus DC., C. indicus Spreng., Cytisus cajan L. Actions: Alexeteric (f; KAB); Antiamylase (1; WO2); Antichymotryptic (f; WO2); Antidote, fish poison (f; JFM); Antilactagogue (f; KAB); Antisubtilisin (1; WO2); Antiviral (1; WO2); Astringent (f; KAB); Diuretic (f; JFM; KAB); Flatugenic (f; KAB); Fungicide (f; WO2); Hyperglycemic (1; WO2); Hypocholesterolemic (1; WO2); Hypoglycemic (1; WO2); Hypolipidemic (1; WO2); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; WO2); Laxative (f; KAB); Litholytic (f; JFM); Pectoral (f; KAB); Soporific (f; JFM); Ureolytic (1; WO2); Vermifuge (f; KAB); Vulnerary (f; KAB). Indications: Biliousness (f; KAB); Bite (f; JFM); Bladder Stone (f; JFM); Bleeding (f; KAB); Bronchosis (f; JFM; KAB); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, intestine (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Childbirth (f; JFM); Constipation (f; KAB); Cough (f; JFM); Cramp (f; JFM); Dermatosis (f; JFM); Diabetes (1; WO2); Dysgeusia (f; KAB); Dysentery (f; KAB); Dysmenorrhea (f; JFM); Enterosis (f; JLH); Fungus (f; WO2); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Headache (f; JFM); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Hepatosis (f; JLH); High Cholesterol (1; WO2); High Triglycerides (1; WO2); High Urea (1; WO2); Hyperglycemia (1; WO2); Hypoglycemia (1; WO2); Infection (f; WO2); Infertility (f; JFM); Inflammation (f; JFM); Jaundice (f; WO2); Leprosy (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; JFM); Measles (f; WO2); Mycosis (f; WO2); Obesity (1; WO2); Ophthalmia (f; JFM); Respirosis (f; JFM); Snakebite (f; KAB); Sore (f; JFM); Stomatosis (f; WO2); Stone (f; JFM); Swelling (f; JFM; KAB); Toothache (f; JFM); Vertigo (f; JFM); Virus (1; WO2); Worm (f; KAB); Wound (f; JFM). Dosage: Contraindications: |
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| PILEWORT | Ranunculus ficaria | |
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Synonyms: Ficaria ranunculoides Moench. Actions: Astringent (f; EFS; PNC); Antiseptic (f; PNC); Demulcent (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS); Fungicide (f; PNC). Indications: Arthrosis (f; PH2); Bleeding (f; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Fungus (f; PNC); Gingivosis (f; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; HAD; MAD; PNC); Infection (f; PNC); Mastosis (f; JLH); Mycosis (f; PNC); Scurvy (f; PH2); Sore (f; JLH); Stomatosis (f; JLH); Swelling (f; PH2); Wen (f; JLH); Wound (f; PH2). Dosage: In view of the data, excessive use, especially during lactation and pregnancy, should be avoided. Not recommended for internal consumption (CAN). I am not ready to accept the Herbal PDR statement, “Active agents are tannin, the alkaloids chelidonin and cholerytrin, the saponin fikarin†(PH2). I fear their choice of common names, lesser celandine, may have mal-influenced their listing of active ingredients. So far, I find no reports of chelidonine or chelerythrine in any Ranunculus, although I expect them in true celandine (Chelidonium), of a different plant family. Contraindications: In view of the data, excessive use, especially during lactation and pregnancy, should be avoided. Not recommended for internal consumption (CAN). I am not ready to accept the Herbal PDR statement, “Active agents are tannin, the alkaloids chelidonin and cholerytrin, the saponin fikarin†(PH2). I fear their choice of common names, lesser celandine, may have mal-influenced their listing of active ingredients. So far, I find no reports of chelidonine or chelerythrine in any Ranunculus, although I expect them in true celandine (Chelidonium), of a different plant family. |
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| PIMPINELLA | Pimpinella saxifraga | |
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Synonyms: KOM treats P. saxifraga L. and P. major (L.) Huds. as one. PHR and PH2 call it just P. major, not covering P. saxifraga. HHB treats both, admitting that there is a H. saxifraga var. maior, giving uses as though they were interchangeable. HH2 treats them as two distinct species. I treat them as an aggregate, although still maintaining the HDR entries as separate. Actions: Antispasmodic (f; MAD); Diuretic (f; MAD); Emmenagogue (f; HHB); Expectorant (f; HHB; PH2); Lactagogue (f; MAD); Secretolytic (2; PHR); Secretomotor (2; PHR); Vermifuge (f; HHB); Vulnerary (f; MAD). Indications: Angina (f; HHB; MAD); Asthma (f; HHB); Backache (f; PH2); Bacteria (f; PH2); Bladder Stone (f; MAD; PHR); Bronchosis (2; HHB; PHR); Cardiopathy (f;MAD); Catarrh (2; KOM; PH2); Chill (f; PHR; PH2); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Cold (f; PHR; PH2); Colic (f; MAD); Cough (2; PHR; PH2); Cramp (f; MAD); Croup (f; HHB); Cystosis (f; MAD; PH2); Diphtheria (f; MAD); Dyslactea (f; MAD); Dysuria (f; PHR); Eczema (f; MAD); Edema (f; PHR; PH2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Epistaxis (f; HHB); Frostbite (f; HHB); Gastrosis (f; MAD; PH2); Gout (f; HHB; MAD); Headache (f; HHB); Hepatosis (f; MAD); Infection (f; PH2); Inflammation (f; PH2); Kidney Stone (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Laryngosis (f; HHB); Mucososis (2; PHR); Nephrosis (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Nervousness (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; MAD); Otosis (f; MAD); Pain (f; PH2); Palpitation (f; HHB); Pharyngosis (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Phthisis (f; MAD); Plethora (f; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; PH2); Respirosis (2; KOM; MAD); Rhinosis (f; HHB); Sore Throat (f; HHB); Splenosis (f; MAD); Stomatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Stone (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; MAD); Varicosis (f; PHR; PH2); Worm (f; HHB); Wound (f; PHR). Dosage: Not covered (AHP). None known (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Furanocoumarins may generate phototoxicity in fair-skinned people (PH2). Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). None known (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Furanocoumarins may generate phototoxicity in fair-skinned people (PH2). |
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| PINEAPPLE | Ananas comosus | |
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Synonyms: A. ananas (L.) Voss, A. duckei hort., A. sativus Schult. & Schult. f., A. sativus var. duckei Camargo, Bromelia ananas L., B. comosa L. Actions: Abortifacient (1; DAV; WO2); Analgesic (1; APA); Anorectic (1; APA; CRC); Antiaggregant (1; APA; KOM; PH2); Antibacterial (1; BGB); Antiedemic (1;KOM); Antifertility (1; WO2); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; PH2; WO2); Antinitrosaminic (1; JNU); Antioxidant (1; WO2); Antipyretic (f; CRC; IED); Antiscorbutic (1; IED); Antitumor (1; BGB; PH2); Antiulcer (1; APA); Astringent (1; DAV); Cholagogue (f; IED); Decongestant (f; JFM); Depurative (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; IED); Digestive (1; APA; CRC); Discutient (1; CRC); Diuretic (1; APA; WO2); Emmenagogue (1; APA; IED); Estrogenic (f; CRC); Fibrinolytic (1; APA; BGB; PH2); Hydragogue (f; CRC); Intoxicant (f; CRC); Laxative (1; IED; WO2); Lipolytic (1; CRC; FNF); Myocontractant (1; CRC); Myorelaxant (1; APA; CRC); Necrolytic (1; WO2); Parasiticide (1; CRC; FNF); Proteolytic (1; APA; BGB; PH2); Taenicide (1; WO2); Tonic (f; APA); Uterocontractant (1; CRC); Uterotonic (f; APA); Vermifuge (1; CRC; DAV); Vulnerary (1; APA). Indications: Abscess (f; CRC); Amenorrhea (f; PH2); Antidote (f; JFM); Asthma (f; PH2); Bacteria (1; BGB); Bite (f; IED); Bleeding (1; CRC; DAV); Blennorrhagia (f; DAV); Bronchosis (f; JFM); Bruise (1; CRC); Burn (2; BGB; PH2); Cancer (1; APA; BGB; PH2); Childbirth (f; APA; CRC); Congestion (f; JFM); Constipation (1; APA; CRC; IED; PH2; WO2); Corn (f; CRC); Cystosis (f; APA; CRC); Diarrhea (1; APA); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; APA; DAV; PH2); Dysuria (f; JFM); Edema (1; CRC; KOM); Exocrine Hepatic Insufficiency (f; BGB); Fever (f; CRC; IED; PH2); Gas (f; APA; DAV); Hematoma (f; CRC; WO3); Hemorrhoid (f; JFM); Hepatosis (f; JFM); Hiccup (f; CRC); Hypochondria (f; CRC); Infection (1; IED); Inflammation (1; APA; PH2; WO2); Jaundice (f; IED); Kidney Stone (f; APA; DAV); Nasal Parasinusosis (1; KOM); Neurasthenia (f; APA); Obesity (1; CRC; PH2); Pain (1; APA); Pancreatosis (f; PH2); Parasite (1; CRC; FNF); Phlebitis (f; APA); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Respirosis (f; APA; CRC); Rheumatism (1; DAV); Scarlet Fever (f; CRC); Sea Sickness Seasickness (f; JFM); Sinusosis (f; APA; CRC); Sore (1; CRC; WO3); Sore Throat (f; JFM); Sprain (1; CRC); Sting (f; IED); Swelling (1; APA; KOM; PH2); Tapeworm (1; WO2); Thrombophlebitis (f; APA); Tumor (1; BGB; CRC; PH2); Ulcer (1; APA; CRC); UTI (1; APA); Varicosis (f; APA); VD (f; APA; CRC); Wart (f; CRC); Worm (1; APA; CRC; DAV; PH2); Wound (2; APA; PH2). Dosage: Class 1 (JAD). Not covered (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Some people may be allergic to bromelain. Side effects include allergy, diarrhea, GI problems, metrorrhagia, nausea, and vomiting (APA; KOM). May augment antiaggregant or anticoagulant activity of other blood thinners (KOM). Bromelain may increase blood and urinary levels of tetracyclines or other antibiotics (KOM; PH2). Large doses of ripe (I would have said unripe) fruit juice are reported to cause uterocontractions, so it might be contraindicated in pregnancy (APA). This is the only case I remember of Fleming et al., missing a Blumenthal et al. Commission E approved drug, the American food plant, pineapple, with its proteolytic bromelain, a very active compound indeed. Contraindications: Class 1 (JAD). Not covered (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Some people may be allergic to bromelain. Side effects include allergy, diarrhea, GI problems, metrorrhagia, nausea, and vomiting (APA; KOM). May augment antiaggregant or anticoagulant activity of other blood thinners (KOM). Bromelain may increase blood and urinary levels of tetracyclines or other antibiotics (KOM; PH2). Large doses of ripe (I would have said unripe) fruit juice are reported to cause uterocontractions, so it might be contraindicated in pregnancy (APA). This is the only case I remember of Fleming et al., missing a Blumenthal et al. Commission E approved drug, the American food plant, pineapple, with its proteolytic bromelain, a very active compound indeed. |
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| PINKROOT | Spigelia marilandica | |
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Synonyms: Lonicera marilandica L. Actions: Antipyretic (f; GMH; HH2; PH2); Cardiac (f; EFS); Cardiotonic (f; EFS); Digestive (f; CRC); Paralytic (f; PH2); Poison (1; DEM; PH2); Narcotic (f; EFS); Sedative (f;EFS); Soporific (f; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS); Toxic (1; EFS; PH2); Tranquilizer (f; PH2); Vermifuge (1; CRC; DEM; FEL; PH2). Indications: Convulsion (f; CRC); Cough (f; HAD; TOM); Endocardosis (f; FEL); Fever (f; CRC; GMH; HH2; PH2); Fit (f; CRC); Hydrocephaly (f; FEL; GMH); Insomnia (f; EFS); Malaria (f; CRC; HH2; PH2); Mania (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; EFS; PH2); Strabismus (f; CRC); Stress (f; PH2); Worm (1; CRC; DEM; FAD; FEL; HAD; PH2; TOM). Dosage: Class 2d. Not for long-term use. Do not exceed recommended dose (AHP). Has been used for poisoning humans, the toxic effects similar to those of strychnine. Effects of spigeline are rather like those of coniine, lobeline, and nicotine. “Even proper doses may lead to disturbed vision (dimness), dizziness, muscular spasms, twitching eyelids, dilated pupils, facial spasms, and increased heart activity. In large doses, circulation and respiration are depressed and muscular power diminished; there have been fatalities in children†(CRC; HH2). Side effects include increased heart action, vertigo, convulsions, and possibly death (FAD). Toxic, may paralyze the spinal marrow causing death by asphyxiation (PH2). Contraindications: Class 2d. Not for long-term use. Do not exceed recommended dose (AHP). Has been used for poisoning humans, the toxic effects similar to those of strychnine. Effects of spigeline are rather like those of coniine, lobeline, and nicotine. “Even proper doses may lead to disturbed vision (dimness), dizziness, muscular spasms, twitching eyelids, dilated pupils, facial spasms, and increased heart activity. In large doses, circulation and respiration are depressed and muscular power diminished; there have been fatalities in children†(CRC; HH2). Side effects include increased heart action, vertigo, convulsions, and possibly death (FAD). Toxic, may paralyze the spinal marrow causing death by asphyxiation (PH2). |
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| PIPSISSEWA | Chimaphila | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Alterative (f; PNC); Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiaggregant (1; FAD); Antibacterial (1; FAD); Antiseptic (1; FAD; PH2); Astringent (f; CEB; FAD); Candidicide (1; FAD); Collyrium (f; DEM); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CEB; DEM); Diuretic (1; CEB; FAD); Expectorant (f; DEM); Orexigenic (f; DEM); Rubefacient (f; CEB); Stimulant (f; CEB); Tonic (1; FAD); Urinary Antiseptic (1; FAD; PH2; PNC). Indications: Adenopathy (f; PH2); Ague (f; CEB; DEM); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FAD); Angina (f; DEM); Anorexia (f; DEM); Arthrosis (1; COX; FAD; PNC); Backache (f;DEM; FAD); Bacteria (1; FAD); Bleeding (f; DEM); Blister (f; DEM); Bot (f; DEM); BPH (1; HHB); Cancer (1; COX; FAD; PH2); Candida (1; FAD); Cardiopathy (f; HHB); Catarrh (f; HHB); Childbirth (f; DEM; PH2); Cold (f; CEB; DEM); Conjunctivosis (f; DEM); Cough (f; FAD); Cystosis (f; CEB; DEM; HHB; PH2; PNC); Depression (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; DEM; PH2); Diabetes (f; PNC); Dropsy (f; CEB; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Edema (f; HHB; PH2); Fever (f; CEB; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; CEB; DEM); Gravel (f; CEB); Head Cold (f; DEM); Heart (f; DEM); Hemoptysis (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; CEB); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (f; DEM; PH2); Mastosis (f; PH2); Mucososis (f; DEM); Myalgia (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; CEB; DEM; HHB; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; CEB; DEM); Prostatosis (f; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; CEB); Rheumatism (f; CEB; DEM; PH2; PNC); Rhinosis (f; DEM); Scrofula (f; CEB; DEM); Smallpox (f; DEM; PH2); Sore (f; CEB); Stomachache (f; FAD); Swelling (f; CEB; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; CEB; DEM; MIC); Typhus (f; CEB); Urethrosis (f; PNC); VD (f; CEB; DEM); Water Retention (1; CEB); Worm (f; DEM); Wound (f; HHB); Yeast (1; FAD). Dosage: Class 1. Salicylates and tannins (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Unsuitable for long-term use because of hydroquinone glycoside content (PH2). Hypoglycemic. I question the accuracy of the report of quinine, but believe the reports of hydroquinone in several members of the Ericaceae, including this one. For snakebite, one chews the pulp, swallows the juice, and poultice the cud onto the bite after it has bled. It is also considered abortive. Native Americans poke crushed stems in their nose to alleviate snoring (GMJ). “Secoyas†mixed ground rhizome with water for fever, flu, and fright (SAR). In Piura, the chopped shoots are considered hemostatic and vulnerary. Contraindications: Class 1. Salicylates and tannins (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Unsuitable for long-term use because of hydroquinone glycoside content (PH2). Hypoglycemic. I question the accuracy of the report of quinine, but believe the reports of hydroquinone in several members of the Ericaceae, including this one. For snakebite, one chews the pulp, swallows the juice, and poultice the cud onto the bite after it has bled. It is also considered abortive. Native Americans poke crushed stems in their nose to alleviate snoring (GMJ). “Secoyas†mixed ground rhizome with water for fever, flu, and fright (SAR). In Piura, the chopped shoots are considered hemostatic and vulnerary. |
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| PIRIPIRI | Cyperus articulatus | |
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Synonyms: C. corymbosus Rottb. Actions: Abortifacient (f; DAV); Antiemetic (1; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; UPW); Carminative (1; PH2); Hemostat (f; DAV); Insectifuge (1; UPW); Sedative (1; PH2); Stimulant (f; SKJ); Tonic (f; SKJ); Vermifuge (f; UPW; WBB); Vulnerary (f; DAV). Indications: Amenorrhea (f; PH2); Bite (f; DAV); Bleeding (f; DAV); Colic (f; WBB); Cough (f; JFM; UPW); Diarrhea (f; JFM); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (1; WOI; PH2); Edema (f; UPW); Enterosis (f; JFM); Epigastrosis (f; PH2); Fever (f; DAV; JFM); Flu (f; DAV); Fright (f; DAV); Gas (1; PH2); Headache (f; PH2); Hematemesis (f; PH2); Hematuria (f; PH2); Insomnia (1; PH2); Leukorrhea (f; PH2); Malaria (f; UPW); Mastosis (f; PH2); Migraine (f; UPW); Morning Sickness (f; JFM); Nausea (1; PH2); Nervousness (1; PH2); Pain (f; JFM; PH2); PMS (f; PH2); Respirosis (f; UPW); Rheumatism (f; UPW); Snakebite (f; DAV); Snoring (f; DAV); Swelling (f; UPW); Toothache (f; WBB); Vomiting (1; PH2); Worm (f; UPW; WBB); Wound (f; DAV); Yellow Fever (f; JFM). Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2). |
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| PITCHER PLANT | Sarracenia purpurea | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Astringent (1; FEL); Diaphoretic (f; HHB); Diuretic (f; DEM; FAD; FEL; HHB; PH2); Laxative (1; FAD; FEL); Stimulant (f; FEL; HHB); Stomachic (f; PH2; PNC); Tonic (f; FAD; FEL; HHB). Indications: Amenorrhea (f; FEL); Childbirth (f; CEB); Chill (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Chlorosis (f; FEL); Constipation (1; FAD; FEL; PHR; PH2); Cough (f; DEM); Dysentery (f; FEL); Dysmenorrhea (f; FEL); Dyspepsia (f; FEL; PHR; PH2); Dysuria (f; CEB; PH2); Enterosis (f; FEL); Fever (f; DEM; FAD; HHB); Gastrosis (f; FEL); Headache (f; FEL); Hematemesis (f; CEB; DEM); Hepatosis (f; FAD); Nephrosis (f; CEB; DEM; FEL); Parturition (f; FAD); Pertussis (f; DEM); Pneumonia (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; CEB); Rheumatism (f; CEB); Shakiness (f; DEM); Smallpox (f; CEB; FAD; PH2); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); UTI (f; DEM; PHR). Dosage: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). If it really contains coniine as stated by the Physician’s Desk Reference (PHR; PH2), it should be avoided. PNC specifies that coniine occurs in Sarracenia flava, not S. purpurea. Contraindications: Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). If it really contains coniine as stated by the Physician’s Desk Reference (PHR; PH2), it should be avoided. PNC specifies that coniine occurs in Sarracenia flava, not S. purpurea. |
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| PLANTAIN | Plantago major | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antiatherosclerotic (1; BGB; CAN); Antibacterial (1; BGB; CAN); Anticancer (1; COX; FNF; HH2); Anticapillary Fragility (1; CAN); Antidiarrheic (f; PED); Antiedemic (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; CAN; HH2; PNC; ZUL); Antioxidant (1; FNF); Antipyretic (f; CRC; DEP); Antirheumatic (1; FNF; PED); Antiseptic (1; CAN); Antitumor (1; COX; FNF; PED); Antitussive (1; BGB); Antiulcer (1; ZUL); Aperient (1; FNF; PNC); Astringent (1; BGB; DEP; JFM; KOM); Bronchodilator (1; FNF; TGP); Candidicide (1; FNF; PED); Cicatrizant (f; JFM); Collyrium (f; JFM); COX-2- Inhibitor (1; FNF; TGP); Demulcent (1; BGB; CRC); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Digestive (1; WAM); Diuretic (1; BGB; CAN; FNF); Emollient (1; BGB; WAM); Expectorant (1; BGB; FNF; PED); Fungicide (1; CAN); Hepatoprotective (1; BGB; CAN; FNF); Hypocholesterolemic (1; BGB; CAN); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; BGB; CAN); Hypouricemic (f; ZUL); Immunostimulant (1; FNF; TGP); Lactagogue (1; FNF); Laxative (1; BGB; CAN); Lipolytic (1; BGB; CAN); Orexigenic (f; ZUL); Panacea (f; DEM); Pectoral (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; DEP); Tonic (f; DEP; ZUL); Uricosuric (1; PNC); Uterotonic (1; BGB; CAN); Vermifuge (f; ZUL); Vulnerary (1; FNF; JFM). Indications: Abortion (f; JFM); Abscess (f; CRC); Adenopathy (f; CRC); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF; TGP); Asthma (f; CRC; MAD); Atherosclerosis (1; BGB; CAN); Bacteria (1; BGB; CAN); Bite (f; CRC; DEM); Bleeding (f; CAN; JFM; MAD; ZUL); Boil (f; DEM); Bronchosis (1; BGB; CAN; FNF; MAD); Bruise (f; CRC); Bug Bite (1; WAM); Cancer (1; COX; FNF; HH2; PED); Cancer, anus (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; CRC; FNF; JLH; PED); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH; PED); Cancer, eye (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, feet (f; CRC; JLH);Cancer, gum (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, lip (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; FNF; PED); Capillary Fragility (1; CAN); Carbuncle (f; DEM); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Chest Ache (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; JFM); Cholecystosis (f; CRC); Cholera (f; MAD); Cold (1; BGB; CAN; CRC); Colic (f; CRC); Colitis (f; DEM); Conjunctivosis (f; DEM); Constipation (1; BGB; CAN; DEM); Convulsion (f; CRC); Cough (f; CRC; ZUL); Cystosis (1; CAN; FNF; MAD); Dandruff (1; FNF; TGP); Dermatosis (2; BGB; KOM; ZUL); Diarrhea (f; CRC; MAD; PED; ZUL); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC; MAD; PED); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM; MAD); Dyspnea (f; DEM); Dysuria (f; ZUL); Earache (f; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Enterosis (f; DEM; MAD); Enuresis (f; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Epilepsy (f; CRC); Epistaxis (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; DEM; DEP; MAD); Fungus (1; CAN; CRC); Gas (1; FNF; MAD); Gastrosis (1; DEM; MAD; MIC; WAM); Gingivosis (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Gout (1; CRC; PNC; ZUL); Headache (f; CRC); Hematuria (1; CAN; DEM; FNF); Hemorrhoid (1; CAN; CRC; FNF; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Herpes (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; CAN); High Cholesterol (1; BGB; CAN); Hypertriglyceridemia (1; BGB; CAN); IBD (1; FNF; PED); Immunodepression (1; FNF; TGP); Infection (1; CAN; DEM; JFM; MIC); Inflammation (2; BGB; CAN; DEM; HH2; KOM; PNC; ZUL); Jaundice (f; CRC; MAD); Kidney Stone (f; CRC; JFM); Lacrimosis (f; CRC); Lichen (f; MAD); Lunacy (f; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC); Mucososis (2; BGB; KOM); Mycosis (1; CAN; CRC); Nephrosis (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; MAD); Neuroblastoma (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; DEM; DEP; ZUL); Otosis (f; CRC; ZUL); Pain (f; DEM); Parasite (f; JFM); Parotosis (f; JLH); Parturition (f; ZUL); Pertussis (f; ZUL); Pharyngosis (2; BGB; KOM); Pneumonia (f; DEM); Polyp (f; CRC); Psoriasis (1; FNF; MAD; TGP); Pulmonosis (f; DEM; MAD); Rash (f; CRC); Respirosis (1; BGB; MAD); Rheumatism (1; CRC; FNF; PED; ZUL); Rhinosis (f; CRC); Ringworm (f; CRC); Scald (f; DEM); Shingle (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; DEM); Sore (f; CRC; MIC; ZUL); Sore Throat (f; CRC; JFM); Splenosis (f; CRC); Sprain (f; DEM); Sting (1; CRC; WAM); Stomachache (1; MAD; WAM); Stomatosis (2; BGB; KOM; MAD; ZUL); Strangury (f; CRC); Swelling (1; CAN; DEM); Syphilis (f; CRC); Tachycardia (f; ZUL); Toothache (f; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Tumor (1; COX; FNF; JLH; PED); Ulcer (1; CRC; MAD; MIC; ZUL); Uterosis (f; ZUL); VD (f; CRC); Wen (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; CRC); Worm (f; ZUL); Wound (f; DEM; JFM; MAD; MIC); Yeast (1; CRC; FNF; PED). Dosage: Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (PH2). CAN cautions that a mustard-like oil is allergenic, irritant, and can cause dermatosis. Because of laxative and uterine activity, in vitro, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Excessive doses may be hypotensive and laxative. Some plantain leaves were dangerously adulterated with digitalis in 1997. Contraindications: Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (PH2). CAN cautions that a mustard-like oil is allergenic, irritant, and can cause dermatosis. Because of laxative and uterine activity, in vitro, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Excessive doses may be hypotensive and laxative. Some plantain leaves were dangerously adulterated with digitalis in 1997. |
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| PLEURISY ROOT | Asclepias tuberosa | |
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Synonyms: Actions: Abortifacient (f; TOM); Analgesic (f; FAD; PH2); Antiinflammatory (f; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; PH2; WAM); Cardiotonic (f; PHR; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; APA; PH2; TOM); Digestive (f; APA); Diuretic (f; FAD); Emetic (1; PHR; PH2; WAM); Estrogenic (1; APA; CEB); Expectorant (1; FAD; PH2; TOM; WAM); Laxative (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Oxytocic (f; TOM); Tonic (f; PH2); Uterocontractant (1; APA); Uterotonic (1; HHB). Indications: Asthma (f; CEB; FAD); Bite (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; CEB); Bronchosis (1; FAD; WAM); Bruise (f; APA; CEB; FAD); Cancer (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; CEB); Catarrh (f; TOM); Chancre (f; CEB); Childbirth (f; CEB; DEM); Cold (f; APA); Congestion (f; APA); Constipation (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Cough (f; PH2; WAM); Cramp (1; PH2; WAM); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; CEB); Dysentery (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Dyspnea (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; APA; PH2; TOM); Flu (1; APA; DEM; WAM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Hoarseness (f; TOM); Infection (f; CEB); Inflammation (f; PH2); Lameness (f; FAD); Mastosis (f; DEM); Mucososis (f; PH2); Pain (f; APA; DEM; FAD; PH2); Pleurisy (f; FAD; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; FAD; TOM); Pneumonia (f; APA; PH2); Respirosis (f; PHR); Rheumatism (f; APA; FAD; PH2; TOM); Rhinosis (f; APA); Snakebite (f; DEM); Sore (f; CEB); Stomachache (f; APA; PH2); Swelling (f; FAD); Syphilis (f; CEB); Typhus (f; CEB); Uterosis (f; PH2); VD (f; CEB); Worm (f; CEB); Wound (f; CEB). Dosage: Class 2b, 2d. May cause nausea and vomiting (AHP; WAM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). CAN reports cardenolides can be irritant and cause cardiac activity and dermatosis. Because of cardioactive constituents and uterine activity in vivo, its use in pregnancy, lactation, and cardiac patients is to be avoided. May interfere with cardiac, depression, and hormone therapy (CAN; PH2; WAM). “Not allowed as a nonmedicinal ingredient in oral use products in Canada†(Michols, 1995). Toxic in large quantities (FAD). Extracts (Pleurisy Root) — Indian studies report a positive inotropic activity for asclepin (from Asclepias curassavica), which was reported more potent, longer acting, and safer than other cardiac glycosides (including digoxin). In sheep and guinea-pigs the plant, extracts, purified cardenolide, and digoxin exhibited similar toxicity and gross pathology. In a 3 month toxicity study in rats, asclepin was found safe in doses of 0.8, 8, and 20 mg/kg. Cat studies were less cumulative compared to digoxin. Asclepin reportedly was stronger toward weak cardiac muscle. Extracts of A. curassavica, A. engelmanniana, and A. glaucescens stimulate mammalian CNS, increasing noradrenaline and serotonin. Cardenolide LD50 = <50 mg/kg ipr mouse CAN. Contraindications: Class 2b, 2d. May cause nausea and vomiting (AHP; WAM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages†(PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). CAN reports cardenolides can be irritant and cause cardiac activity and dermatosis. Because of cardioactive constituents and uterine activity in vivo, its use in pregnancy, lactation, and cardiac patients is to be avoided. May interfere with cardiac, depression, and hormone therapy (CAN; PH2; WAM). “Not allowed as a nonmedicinal ingredient in oral use products in Canada†(Michols, 1995). Toxic in large quantities (FAD). Extracts (Pleurisy Root) — Indian studies report a positive inotropic activity for asclepin (from Asclepias curassavica), which was reported more potent, longer acting, and safer than other cardiac glycosides (including digoxin). In sheep and guinea-pigs the plant, extracts, purified cardenolide, and digoxin exhibited similar toxicity and gross pathology. In a 3 month toxicity study in rats, asclepin was found safe in doses of 0.8, 8, and 20 mg/kg. Cat studies were less cumulative compared to digoxin. Asclepin reportedly was stronger toward weak cardiac muscle. Extracts of A. curassavica, A. engelmanniana, and A. glaucescens stimulate mammalian CNS, increasing noradrenaline and serotonin. Cardenolide LD50 = <50 mg/kg ipr mouse CAN. |
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